Gender-Based Violence Against Men and Boys in Darfur

Abstract

analyses of gender-based violence during mass conflict have typically focused on violence committed against women. Violence perpetrated against men has only recently been examined as gender-based violence in its own right. Using narratives from 1,136 Darfuri refugees, we analyze patterns of gender-based violence perpetrated against men and boys during the genocide in Darfur. We examine how this violence emasculates men and boys through four mechanisms: homosexualization, feminization, genital harm, and sex-selective killing. in line with an interactionist approach, we demonstrate how genocidal violence is gendered and argue that perpetrators committing gender-based violence perform masculinity in accordance with hegemonic gender norms in sudan. We also show how gender-based violence enacts, reinforces, and creates meaning on multiple levels in a matrix of mutually reinforcing processes that we term the gender-genocide nexus. by extending the gender-violence link to the context of mass atrocity, this study facilitates an understanding of the mechanisms through which gender inequalities can be reproduced and maintained in diverse situations and structures.

The Unknown Victims: Hegemonic Masculinity, Masculinities, and Male Sexual Victimisation

“…For the most part, however, I felt that it was overshadowing my happiness and joy because I was made to relive the 6.1 6.2 Gailey and Prohaska 2011). I attempted to manage my own emotions, however, while I was at the 'front stage' (Goffman 1959) (Lees 1997;Weiss 2010;Turchik and Edwards 2012;Javaid 2014aJavaid , 2015aFerrales et al 2016). Male rape victims embody a subordinate form of masculinity; they are oppressed, relegated and made subordinate for not achieving hegemonic masculinity.…”

“…6.1 With Connell's theoretical framework in mind, male rape victims are often placed at the bottom of the gender hierarchy (Lees 1997; Weiss 2010; Turchik and Edwards 2012; Javaid 2014a, 2015a, b; Ferrales et al 2016). Male rape victims embody a subordinate form of masculinity; they are oppressed, relegated and made subordinate for not achieving hegemonic masculinity.…”

Post‐9/11 Masculinist Incursions in Iraq and Afghanistan: Women’s Bodies as Bullets in Imperialist Agendas

“…Abu‐Ghraib’s pictures testify to the dominant type of male emasculation used at times of war (Ferrales, Nyseth Brehm, Mcelrath, ). However, they failed to provoke any official international legal measures to reform a status quo where “gendercide, at least when it targets males, has attracted virtually no attention at the level of scholarship or public policy” (Jones, :2).…”

Masculinity and male survivors of wartime sexual violence: a Bosnian case study

“…107 The result is that the justice needs and concerns of male survivors of sexual violence are often overlooked, and this exposes gendered dimensions of exclusion that have received little attention. Beyond the need for international and national courts 'to address both the scale and the nature of gender-based violence in mass atrocity by explicitly recognizing the multiplicity of victimization of men and women', 108 there is also a critical need to explore men's own sense of exclusion from international legal processes -and the relationship between exclusion and masculinity.…”