Gender and Racial/Ethnic Differences in CVD Risk: Behavioral and Psychosocial Risk and Resilience

Multilevel resilience resources and cardiovascular disease in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

“…Finally, participants in the summarized studies were overwhelmingly White, and most had more than a high school-level education. Prior work (Canvin et al, 2009; Chen & Miller, 2012; Gallo, Penedo, et al, 2009; Ruiz et al, 2018; Ungar, 2011) suggests that the relationship between resilience and CVD outcomes may differ by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position (SEP) due to differences in experiences of adversities (e.g., stressors; Gallo, 2009; Gallo & Matthews, 2003; Williams et al, 2016). Specifically, some racial/ethnic minority subgroups and individuals living in areas of lower SEP experience more stressors (Clark et al, 2013; Kershaw et al, 2015; Sims et al, 2012).…”

“…In addition, the U.S. government has continued to set national objectives in preventing CVD and improving overall CVH (Healthy People 2030; ODPHP, 2020). Further, the relationship between resilience and CVD may vary across countries, perhaps due to differences in the types or extent of adversities faced and cultural meanings regarding resilience resources (Canvin et al, 2009;Chen & Miller, 2012;Gallo, Penedo, et al, 2009;Rosengren et al, 2019;Ruiz et al, 2018;Ungar, 2011). exposure(s), resilience resources at the individual (e.g., coping, optimism), interpersonal (e.g., social support), and/or neighborhood (e.g., social environment) levels; (c) reported, as outcome(s), (1) incidence of any CVD event as a single outcome (e.g., stroke, CHD, fatal/nonfatal MI, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease) or as a composite outcome (e.g., CVD-specific incidence or mortality, including both stroke and CHD), or (2) a Life's Simple 7 (LS7) score for ideal cardiovascular health (measured by physical activity, diet, weight, smoking, blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood glucose); and (d) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nonrandomized intervention studies, or prospective observational cohort studies were included.…”

“…In addition, the U.S. government has continued to set national objectives in preventing CVD and improving overall CVH (Healthy People 2030; ODPHP, 2020). Further, the relationship between resilience and CVD may vary across countries, perhaps due to differences in the types or extent of adversities faced and cultural meanings regarding resilience resources (Canvin et al, 2009; Chen & Miller, 2012; Gallo, Penedo, et al, 2009; Rosengren et al, 2019; Ruiz et al, 2018; Ungar, 2011).…”