Gender and Pulmonary Gas Exchange During Exercise

Hopkins, Susan R.; Harms, Craig A.

doi:10.1097/00003677-200404000-00003

Cited by 71 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Sexual differences in oxygen consumption are maintained in adulthood as evidenced by greater oral and nasal VO 2 (mL/min) in adult males during both rest and periods of exercise (Hall, 2005). Sex differences in oxygen intake and consumption are facilitated by variation in the absolute and relative size of the respiratory tract in males and females (Mead, 1980;McClaran et al, 1998;Rosas and Bastir, 2001;Hopkins and Harms, 2004;Hall, 2005;, which may result, at least in part, from differences in ontogenetic scaling of the nasal region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, understanding patterns of oxygen consumption and upper respiratory tract morphology in recent humans can be informative with regard to the influence of respiratory demands on nasal cavity size in archaic Homo. For example, relative to body size, recent human males are characterized by a greater airway diameter and increased lung volume when compared to females (Hopkins and Harms, 2004). This is likely tied to well-established patterns of sexual dimorphism in daily energy requirements and oxygen demands in recent human males and females (e.g., Panter-Brick, 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ontogenetic scaling of the human nose in a longitudinal sample: Implications for genus Homo facial evolution

Holton

Yokley

Froehle

et al. 2013

American J Phys Anthropol

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Researchers have hypothesized that nasal morphology, both in archaic Homo and in recent humans, is influenced by body mass and associated oxygen consumption demands required for tissue maintenance. Similarly, recent studies of the adult human nasal region have documented key differences in nasal form between males and females that are potentially linked to sexual dimorphism in body size, composition, and energetics. To better understand this potential developmental and functional dynamic, we first assessed sexual dimorphism in the nasal cavity in recent humans to determine when during ontogeny male-female differences in nasal cavity size appear. Next, we assessed whether there are significant differences in nasal/body size scaling relationships in males and females during ontogeny. Using a mixed longitudinal sample we collected cephalometric and anthropometric measurements from n = 20 males and n = 18 females from 3.0 to 20.0+ years of age totaling n = 290 observations. We found that males and females exhibit similar nasal size values early in ontogeny and that sexual dimorphism in nasal size appears during adolescence. Moreover, when scaled to body size, males exhibit greater positive allometry in nasal size compared to females. This differs from patterns of sexual dimorphism in overall facial size, which are already present in our earliest age groups. Sexually dimorphic differences in nasal development and scaling mirror patterns of ontogenetic variation in variables associated with oxygen consumption and tissue maintenance. This underscores the importance of considering broader systemic factors in craniofacial development and may have important implications for the study of patters craniofacial evolution in the genus Homo.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenetic scaling of the human nose in a longitudinal sample: Implications for genus Homo facial evolution

Holton

Yokley

Froehle

et al. 2013

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…While EIAH has not been reported in untrained male subjects, it has been reported in untrained female subjects, and it may be more prevalent in elite female endurance athletes (133,199,222,223). This hypoxemia is due to the complex interactions between the very high cardiac outputs detailed above, flow limitation at very high minute ventilations, ventilation perfusion matching, pulmonary diffusing capacity, and physiological shunts through the lung.…”

Section: What Are the Effects Of Endurance Training?mentioning

confidence: 98%

Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs

Joyner

Casey

2015

Physiological Reviews

551

513

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LJoyner MJ, Casey DP. Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs. Physiol Rev 95: 549 -601, 2015; doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2013.-This review focuses on how blood flow to contracting skeletal muscles is regulated during exercise in humans. The idea is that blood flow to the contracting muscles links oxygen in the atmosphere with the contracting muscles where it is consumed. In this context, we take a top down approach and review the basics of oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise in humans, how these values change with training, and the systemic hemodynamic adaptations that support them. We highlight the very high muscle blood flow responses to exercise discovered in the 1980s. We also discuss the vasodilating factors in the contracting muscles responsible for these very high flows. Finally, the competition between demand for blood flow by contracting muscles and maximum systemic cardiac output is discussed as a potential challenge to blood pressure regulation during heavy large muscle mass or whole body exercise in humans. At this time, no one dominant dilator mechanism accounts for exercise hyperemia. Additionally, complex interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the microcirculation facilitate high levels of systemic oxygen extraction and permit just enough sympathetic control of blood flow to contracting muscles to regulate blood pressure during large muscle mass exercise in humans.

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“…In addition, relative to body size, women have a lower diffusing capacity for carbon dioxide, smaller airway diameter, and smaller lung volumes than men, and the effect of these differences on gas exchange during exercise is not completely understood (Hopkins & Harms, 2004). Indeed, if aerobic performance affects Wingate performance, then the typically lower Wingate performance of women when compared with men is likely a consequence of both lower anaerobic and aerobic power.…”

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confidence: 99%

Elite Female Athletes' Ventilatory Compensation to Decreased Inspired O₂During the Wingate Test

Fallon

Belcoe

Shawcross

et al. 2014

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

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Gender and Pulmonary Gas Exchange During Exercise

Cited by 71 publications

References 13 publications

Ontogenetic scaling of the human nose in a longitudinal sample: Implications for genus Homo facial evolution

Ontogenetic scaling of the human nose in a longitudinal sample: Implications for genus Homo facial evolution

Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs

Elite Female Athletes' Ventilatory Compensation to Decreased Inspired O₂During the Wingate Test

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Gender and Pulmonary Gas Exchange During Exercise

Cited by 71 publications

References 13 publications

Ontogenetic scaling of the human nose in a longitudinal sample: Implications for genus Homo facial evolution

Ontogenetic scaling of the human nose in a longitudinal sample: Implications for genus Homo facial evolution

Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs

Elite Female Athletes' Ventilatory Compensation to Decreased Inspired O2During the Wingate Test

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Elite Female Athletes' Ventilatory Compensation to Decreased Inspired O₂During the Wingate Test