Gender and Political Behaviour in Japan

The Relationship of Organizational Commitment and Political Behavior Tendency among the Employees of Tehran University of Medical Sciences

“…Although, other researchers reported, this was correlated with age (Ferris & Kacmar, 1992), gender (Larimer & Hannagan, 2010;Steel, 2004), work experience (Conner, 2006), and organizational ranking or status (Muhammad, 2007). Also, Dubrin believed that it was not significant related with employees' gender (Dubrin, 1989).…”

Mobilizing Mothers: The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Catastrophe and Environmental Activism in Japan

“…When conducting interviews with housewives, Leblanc found that women who described apathetic feelings toward politics did so because of their dissatisfaction about the choices available to them in political society (1999). Steel (2004) also notes that norms for Japanese women still emphasize their "primary role within the household as wife and mother. Women are concerned with public policy issues that affect their household, but they do not see them as 'political' …" (228).…”

The Social and Gender Politics of Confucian Nationalism

“…Christensen argues that severe restrictions on campaign activities have led to reliance on personal support groups called koenkai 小宴会, which are easier for cohesive minorities to establish than for women (in Clark and Lee 2000). Although women may be at a disadvantage because they are not asked to join koenkai as often as men are, women are no longer dismissed as apolitical by parties, candidates, campaigners, and supports, as Steel (2004) observes. However, as more women are asked to join and as their participation increases, women's and men's participation in koenkai takes on different qualities.…”

“…When conducting interviews with housewives, Leblanc found that women who described apathetic feelings toward politics did so because of their dissatisfaction about the choices available to them in political society. Steel (2004) notes that in Japan, norms for women still emphasize their "primary role within the household as wife and mother. Women are concerned with public policy issues that affect their household, but they do not see them as 'political'" (228), which underscores the importance of the distinction in Japanese culture between public and private.…”

“…Another example is the Seikatsu Club Seikyo (SCS), a nationwide network of women, that is designed to help housewives improve their lives through cooperatives that provide organically grown food (Fujimura-Fanselow 1995). In fact, the number of grassroots conservation organizations is estimated at approximately 3,000 (Steel 2004). When asked how many of these groups are run by housewives, Suda Harumi of the National Center for Citizen's Movements said that almost all environmental and conservation groups are run by housewives.…”