Gender and Culture Differences in Emotion.

Abstract. This study, which forms part of a broader research project, analyzes gender differences in: the intensity of diverse emotions, the justification of violence, attitudes towards the terrorist group ETA, forgiveness and tolerance. Participants comprised 728 people (45.5% men and 54.5% women) resident in either Basque Country or Navarra (Spain), representative of all national identities and political ideologies existing in this context. An ad hoc questionnaire was designed and administered between November 2005 and February 2006, a short time before ETA declared a ceasefire. Women reported more intensity in fear for political reasons and scored higher in two of the six measures of empathy included in the study (empathy with prisoners and empathy with those who suffer and think like oneself). Men scored higher in positive emotionality, indifference and Schadenfreude. Women perceived apology and forgiveness as more necessary elements for achieving peace than men. These results suggest that it may be beneficial for women to play a more prominent role in relation to the resolution of intergroup conflicts such as the one existing in the Basque Country.

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“…Similarly, it has also been found that women tend to report more intense feelings of shame (Ferguson & Eyre, 2000;Fischer et al, 2004).…”

Section: Gender Differences In Emotionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…They also report more intense negative emotions such as sadness, fear, guilt and shame (Fischer, Rodríguez-Mosquera, van Vianen, & Manstead, 2004). Similarly, it has also been found that women report more intense fear of terrorism (Nellis, 2009).…”

Section: Gender Differences In Emotionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Gender Differences in Emotions, Forgiveness and Tolerance in Relation to Political Violence

2014

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“…In contexts where women are low in social status and power, women are less likely than men to exhibit anger-inspired action intended to confront and fix an aversive situation (e.g., Fischer et al, 2004;Kopper & Epperson, 1996). These gender differences can be understood given a consideration of the nature and function of anger.…”

Section: What Effects Do Patronizing Behaviors Have On Low-power People?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Power and the Creation of Patronizing Environments: The Stereotype-Based Behaviors of the Powerful and Their Effects on Female Performance in Masculine Domains.

Vescio¹,

Gervais²,

Snyder³

et al. 2005

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

233

199

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This work tested the following hypothesis: When powerful men stereotype their female subordinates in masculine domains, they behave in patronizing ways that affect the performance of their subordinates. Experiment 1 examined the stereotyping tendencies and patronizing behaviors of the powerful. Findings revealed that powerful men who stereotyped their female subordinates (i.e., those who were weakness focused) gave female subordinates few valued resources but much praise. In Experiment 2, low-power participants received resources (valued or devalued positions) and praise (high or low) from a powerful man. Subordinates who were assigned to a devalued position but received high praise (i.e., the patronizing behavior mirrored from Experiment 1) were angry. However, men performed better in the anger-inspiring situation, whereas women performed worse.

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“…The basic equation of "The Hebbian-LMS Learning Algorithm" is as follows [43]: (14) where μ controls stability and convergence speed parameter; Xk is the input pattern; (SUM)k is the sum of inputs; γ is the slope parameter to control the stable equilibrium point; k is the time step. For our spiking neural network based emotional model we have modified the equation of learning weight as follows: (15) where ξ wgt is a coefficient to control stability and convergence speed; γ wgt is a parameter to control the stable equilibrium point; • is "Hadamard Product".…”

Section: Weight Learning By Hebbian-lmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We considered that emotional state varies based on the gender difference [10,14]. Thus, in this paper, the information of gender was taken into consideration as the difference between the parameter of emotion model [20].…”

Section: Distance From Humanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional Empathy Model For Robot Partners Using Recurrent Spiking Neural Network Model With Hebbian-Lms Learning

Woo

Botzheim

Kubota

2017

MJCS

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This paper discusses the development of an emotion model for robot partner system. In our previous studies, we have focused only on the robot's emotional state. However, the emotional state of the other party is also an important factor for smooth conversation in human society. Therefore, the robot partner has two emotional structures for human: empathy and robot emotion. First, human empathy uses a perceptual based emotion model to know the human's emotional state based on the sensory information. Next, we propose a recurrent simple spike response model to improve the robot's emotional model, and we apply "Hebbian-LMS" learning to modify the weights in the spiking neural network. The robot's emotional state is calculated by using the human's emotional information, internal and external information. The robot partner can use the emotional results to control the facial and gesture expression. The utterance style is also changed by the robot's emotional state. As a result, the robot partner can interact emotionally and naturally with human. First, we explain the related works and the development of the robot partner "iPhonoid-C". Next, we define the architecture of the emotional model to realize emotional empathy towards human. Then, we discuss the algorithms and the methods for developing the emotional model. Finally, we show experimental results of the proposed method, and discuss the effectiveness of the proposed structure.

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Gender and Culture Differences in Emotion.

Cited by 431 publications

References 19 publications

Gender Differences in Emotions, Forgiveness and Tolerance in Relation to Political Violence

Gender Differences in Emotions, Forgiveness and Tolerance in Relation to Political Violence

Power and the Creation of Patronizing Environments: The Stereotype-Based Behaviors of the Powerful and Their Effects on Female Performance in Masculine Domains.

Emotional Empathy Model For Robot Partners Using Recurrent Spiking Neural Network Model With Hebbian-Lms Learning

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