GC-MS Profiling, In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and In Silico NADPH Oxidase Inhibition Studies of Essential Oil of Juniperus thurifera Bark

Abstract

Juniperus thurifera is a native species to the mountains of the western Mediterranean region. It is used in traditional medicine as a natural treatment against infections. The present study aimed to carry out the chemical analysis and evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, as well as in silico inhibition studies of the essential oils from Juniperus thurifera bark (EOEJT). Chemical characterization of EOEJT was done by gas chromatography (GC-MS). We have performed three antioxidant assays (Reducing power (FRAP), 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) of the EOEJT. We next evaluated the antimicrobial activity against in silico study, which was carried out to help evaluate the inhibitory effect of EOEJT against NADPH oxidase. Results of the GC/MS analysis revealed seven major compounds in EOEJT wherein muurolol (36%) and elemol (26%) were the major components. Moreover, EOEJT possessed interesting antioxidant potential with an IC50 respectively of 21.25 ± 1.02 μg/mL, 481.02 ± 5.25 μg/mL, and 271 μg EAA/mg in DPPH, FRAP, and total antioxidant capacity systems. Molecular docking of EOEJT in NADPH oxidase active site showed inhibitory activity of α-cadinol and muurolol with a glide score of −6.041 and −5.956 Kcal/mol, respectively. As regards the antibacterial and antifungal capacities, EOEJT was active against all tested bacteria and all fungi, notably, against Escherichia coli K12 with an inhibition diameter of 21 mm and a MIC value of 0.67 mg/mL, as well as against Proteus mirabilis ATCC 29906 with an inhibition diameter of 18.33 ± 1.15 mm and a MIC value of 1.34 mg/mL. A more pronounced effect was recorded for the fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum MTCC 9913 with inhibition of 37.44 ± 0.28% and MIC value of 6.45 mg/mL, as well as against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 with an inhibition diameter of 20.33 ± 1.15 mm and a MIC value of 0.67 ± 0.00 mg/mL. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of EOEJT as a source of natural antibacterial and antioxidant drugs to fight clinically important pathogenic strains.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Chemically Analyzed Essential Oil of Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) Native to Mediterranean Area

“…TAC of EOAA was conducted as follows; one milliliter of reagent prepared by use of sodium phosphate, sulfuric acid, and (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 was mixed with 0.025 mL of EOAA [ 32 ]. Next, the tubes were stirred, screwed, and incubated at 96 °C for 1 h and 25 min, and then they were allowed to cool at room temperature.…”

The LC-MS/MS Identification and Analgesic and Wound Healing Activities of Lavandula officinalis Chaix: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches

“…The final score was determined using the energy-efficient positions shown with the glide score. The lowest glide score value for each ligand’s best-docked position was noted [ 67 ].…”

Chemical Profiling and Bioactivity Assessment of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don. Essential Oil: Exploring Pure Compounds and Synergistic Combinations

“…In general, essential oils are more or less complex mixtures of compounds due to their beneficial properties and can be applied for various purposes such as antimicrobial and anti-oxidative action, to preserve food, and as enzyme inhibitors [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Chemical compounds isolated from plants make up most of medicine’s medicinal substances.…”