GC-MS headspace analysis of Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts which inhibit Bacillus anthracis growth

Wright, Mitchell Henry; Sirdaarta, Joseph; White, Alan; Greene, Anthony Carlson; Cock, Ian Edwin

doi:10.5530/pj.2017.1.14

Cited by 30 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, high ascorbic acid content is a characteristic observed in all Terminalia spp. [11] and previous studies have reported that the toxicity of Indian [15,16], Australian [12,14,21,25] and South African Terminalia spp. [17,18] correlates with their high ascorbic acid content.…”

Section: Quantification Of Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 85%

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Bioactive compounds sourced from Terminalia spp. in bacterial malodour prevention: an effective alternative to chemical additives

Cock

Wright²,

Matthews

et al. 2019

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Objective Recently, our group reported that extracts prepared from the Australian native plant Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell. are potent inhibitors of the growth malodorous bacteria with similar efficacy to triclosan and through these results, we highlighted a potential biological alternative to the current chemical additives. Other members of the genus Terminalia are also well documented for their antibacterial potential and tannin contents and thus were investigated as potential deodorant additives. Methods Solvent extractions prepared from of selected Indian, Australian and South African Terminalia spp. were screened by disc diffusion and liquid dilution assays against C. jeikeium, S. epidermidis, P. acnes and B. linens. The antibacterial activity was quantified by liquid dilution MIC assays. The extracts were screened for toxicity using Atremia franciscana nauplii and HDF cell viability bioassays. High‐resolution time‐of‐flight (TOF) LC‐MS and GC‐MS headspace fingerprint analysis was used to detect tannin, flavonoid and terpenoid components in the extracts. Results Bacterial growth inhibition was observed in all Terminalia extracts with the methanolic T. chebula, T. carpenteriae and T. sericea extracts the most promising bacterial growth inhibitors, yielding MIC values as low as 200 µg mL−1. Toxicity analyses of the extracts were favourable, and we determined that the methanolic T. chebula, T. carpenteriae and T. sericea extracts were all non‐toxic. Using previously detected T. ferdinandiana antimicrobials as benchmarks, LC‐MS and GC‐MS fingerprint analyses revealed similar compounds in the methanolic T. chebula, T. carpenteriae and T. sericea extracts. Conclusion Through these results, we propose that Terminalia spp. extracts may be useful deodorant additives to inhibit the growth of axillary and plantar malodorous bacteria, offering a biological alternative to their chemically synthesized counterparts.

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Section: Quantification Of Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Filter discs infused with 10 µL of distilled water were used as a negative control. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of each extract were also assessed by disc diffusion assay as previously described [21]. Briefly, the extracts were diluted in deionized water and tested across a range of concentrations.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Antibacterial Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive compounds sourced from Terminalia spp. in bacterial malodour prevention: an effective alternative to chemical additives

Cock

Wright²,

Matthews

et al. 2019

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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“…Toxicity of the E. officinalis fruit extracts, the reference toxin and the conventional antibiotics was assessed using a modified Artemia franciscana nauplii lethality assay. [27][28][29] The LC 50 with 95% confidence limits for each treatment was calculated using probit analysis.…”

Section: Artemia Franciscana Kellogg Nauplii Toxicity Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Embelica officinalis Gaertn. Fruit Extracts and Conventional Antibiotics against Some Bacterial Triggers of Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases

Hutchings¹,

Cock²

2018

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Background: Embelica officinalis Gaertn. is an Indian plant which is known for its therapeutic properties. It is especially well known as a component of the Ayuverdic medicine Triphala. This study focuses on the growth inhibitory activity of E. officinalis fruit extracts against some bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, both alone and in combination with conventional antibiotics. Methods: E. officinalis fruit powder was extracted with solvents of varying polarity and screened for bacterial growth inhibition by disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was quantified by both liquid dilution and disc diffusion techniques. To screen for combinatorial effects, the E. officinalis fruit extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against each bacteria using a liquid dilution assay. Toxicity was examined using Artemia nauplii and HDF bioassays. Results: The ethyl acetate E. officinalis fruit extract displayed the strongest growth inhibitory activity against all of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disease. This extract was a particularly potent inhibitor of P. aeruginosa growth, with an MIC values as low as 264 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract was also a moderate to strong growth inhibitor of P. mirabilis, K. pneumonia and A. baylyi, with MIC values generally 1000-1500 μg/mL. The methanolic and aqueous extracts also inhibited the growth of all bacteria, although generally with only moderate to low activity. Whilst no synergistic interactions were detected in combinations containing the E. officinalis fruit extracts and conventional antibiotics, a number of combinations produced additive effects. These combinations are beneficial as they provide enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared to treatment with the antibiotic or extract components alone. No antagonistic interactions were detected. Therefore, use of the extracts in combination with conventional antibiotics would not compromise the antibiotics efficacy. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia nauplii and HDF toxicity assays, further indicating their potential for medicinal use. Conclusion: The E. officinalis fruit extracts were moderate inhibitors of the bacterial triggers of selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the extracts potentiated the activity of chloramphenicol and tetracycline against otherwise resistant bacterial strains. Isolation of the active compounds and the potentiating agents may be beneficial in antibiotic drug design.

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“…26,27 Briefly, 400 µL of seawater containing ~43 (mean 43.2, n = 155, SD 14.5) A. franciscana nauplii were added to wells of a 48 well plate and immediately used in the bioassay. Volumes of 400 µL of reference toxin or the diluted plant extracts were transferred to the wells and incubated at 25 ± 1 °C under artificial light (1000 Lux).…”

Section: Artemia Franciscana Nauplii Toxicity Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Pharmacognostic Potential of Indian Terminalia Spp. in the Treatment and Prevention of Yersiniosis

Wright¹,

Greene²,

Cock³

2017

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Introduction: Yersinia enterocolitica is a major cause of food poisoning through contaminated meat products, causing the acute gastrointestinal disease yersiniosis. Many Terminalia spp. have documented therapeutic properties as general antiseptics, inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacterial species. Despite this, Indian Terminalia spp. extracts have not been tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of Y. enterocolitica. Methods: T. arjuna, T. catappa and T. chebula extracts were extracted by maceration and the extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay for growth inhibitory activity against a clinical strain of Y. enterocolitica. The MIC values of the extracts were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: T. chebula fruit extracts displayed potent growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against Y. enterocolitica. The methanolic and ethyl acetate T. chebula fruit extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 85 and 64 µg/mL respectively. The aqueous fruit extract also displayed good growth inhibitory activity against Y. enterocolitica, albeit with a higher MIC value (653 µg/mL). The T. arjuna branch extract was moderately active (3000 µg/mL). All other extracts were either low efficacy, or completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. All Indian Terminalia spp. extracts were nontoxic (LC 50 values <1000 µg/mL) in the Artemia franciscana bioassay. Conclusions: The lack of toxicity and the potent growth inhibitory bioactivity of the T. chebula extracts against Y. enterocolitica indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of yersiniosis.

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GC-MS headspace analysis of Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts which inhibit Bacillus anthracis growth

Cited by 30 publications

References 23 publications

Bioactive compounds sourced from Terminalia spp. in bacterial malodour prevention: an effective alternative to chemical additives

Bioactive compounds sourced from Terminalia spp. in bacterial malodour prevention: an effective alternative to chemical additives

An Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Embelica officinalis Gaertn. Fruit Extracts and Conventional Antibiotics against Some Bacterial Triggers of Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases

Investigating the Pharmacognostic Potential of Indian Terminalia Spp. in the Treatment and Prevention of Yersiniosis

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