GC‐MS Based Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Different Solvent Extracts of Malaysian Plectranthus amboinicus Leaves

Abstract

This study evaluates the phytochemistry, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of Plectranthus amboinicus leaves extracted in different solvents. The methanol extract contained the highest total phenolic (94.37 ± 1.24 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid contents (26.90 ± 1.35 mg RE/g) and exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity (90.13 ± 3.32%) followed by the acetone extract (80.23 ± 3.26%) at 500 μg/mL concentration. Similarly, the highest ferric ion reduction potential (849.63 ± 30.95 μM of Fe (II)/g dry weight) was exhibited by the methanol extract followed by the acetone extract (695.92 ± 25.44 μM of Fe (II)/g dry weight). The methanol extract showed greater antimicrobial activity against all the tested pathogens (Bacillus subtilis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans). However, both hexane and acetone extracts failed to inhibit E. coli. S. aureus and C. albicans were more susceptible to all the extracts. Further, GC-MS analysis confirmed the occurrence of a total 46 phytocompounds in different solvent extracts. Some of the major compounds included carvacrol (37.7%), tetracontane (16.6%), squalene (15.6%), tetrapentacontane (13.7%), and Phytol (12.9%). In conclusion, extraction solvents influenced the recovery of phytocompounds and the highest pharmacological activities of the methanol extract could be correlated to the presence of additional bioactive compounds.

Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of in vitro cultured Nidularium procerum, a bromeliad vulnerable to extinction

“…These compounds belong to different chemical classes, including hydrocarbons, esters of fatty acids, steroids/triterpenes, aldehydes, amides, vitamins and flavones. The highest number of compounds (28) was evidenced in chloroform leaf extract (CHL), followed by methanol (ME) (11) and hexane (4). The major compounds found were hydrocarbons (32,5%), esters of fatty acids (21%) and steroids/ triterpenes (9,3%).…”

“…The major compounds found were hydrocarbons (32,5%), esters of fatty acids (21%) and steroids/ triterpenes (9,3%). Some of these compounds, such as tetrapentacontane, tetradecane, stigmasterol, neoftadiene (7,11,15-trimethyl-3-methylidenehexadec-1-ene), n-hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid and octadecanoic acid, have already been reported from leaves extracts of other plant species 28 . Steroids (β-cytosterol and stigmasterol) and lipids (palmitic acid, oleic acid, γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol) were described in Bromelia Laciniosa Mart.…”

Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil and carvacrol bioactive against planktonic and biofilm of oxacillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…In this context, the plants of genus Plectranthus - 3000 recognized species, spread along countries in Africa, South America, Asia and Australia – are widely recognized in folk and popular medicine, being employed in digestive treatments as well as in infectious, inflammatory and respiratory problems [ 10 , 11 ]. Species of Plectrantus [ 12 , 13 ], including P. amboinicus [ 14 ], has been studied due to its pharmacological properties in order to validate its popular use.…”

Irvingia gabonensis Seed Extract: An Effective Attenuator of Doxorubicin-Mediated Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats

“…Squalene, a triterpene, is a natural antioxidant [ 84 ], possessing various other pharmacological properties including antimicrobial property [ 85 , 86 ]. Neophytadiene is a good analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant compound [ 87 , 88 ]. Thus, the presence of stigmasterol, γ -sitosterol, lupeol, phytols, and neophytadiene in high amounts in IGESE could be responsible for the cholesterol-lowering, antioxidant, and antilipiperoxidation activities of IGESE in DOX-mediated cardiotoxic rats.…”