GC-MS and LC-MS analysis of Kakadu plum fruit extracts displaying inhibitory activity against microbial triggers of multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Introduction:Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which can be triggered in genetic susceptible individuals by Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) fruit has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. Extracts prepared from the leaves have also been shown to block several microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. This study examines the ability of Kakadu plum fruit extracts to inhibit some microbial triggers of multiple sclerosis. Methods: T. ferdinandiana fruit solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against reference and clinical strains of A.baylyi and P. aeruginosa. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) and by GC-MS (with screening against 1 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of multiple sclerosis (A.baylyi and P. aeruginosa). The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts had the most potent growth inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 1000 µg/ ml against A. baylyi and P. aeruginosa (both reference and clinical strains). In comparison, the water extract was substantially less potent. Neither the chloroform nor hexane extracts inhibited the growth of any of the bacterial strains tested. All T. ferdinandiana fruit extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed only low levels of the tannins gallic acid and chebulic acid and no other tannins. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana fruit extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of multiple sclerosis indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of this disease. Phytochemical studies indicate that this activity is likely to be due to phytochemicals other than tannins.

GC-MS Analysis of Commiphora molmol Oleo-Resin Extracts which Inhibit the growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Diseases

“…22 The system was equipped with a Shimadzu autosampler AOC5000 plus (USA) fitted with a solid phase microextraction fibre (SPME) handling system utilis ing Supelco (USA) divinyl benzene/carbowax/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS). Chromatographic separation was accomplished using a 5% phenyl, 95% dimethylpolysiloxane (30 m×0.25 mm id×0.25 um) capillary column (Restek USA).…”

Duboisia leichhardtii (F.Muell.) Extracts Inhibit The Growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases

“…[21][22][23] briefly, 100 µL of each bacterial culture was grown in 10 mL of fresh nutrient broth until they reached a count of ~10 8 cells/mL. A volume of 100 µL of the bacterial suspension was spread onto nutrient agar plates and the extracts were tested for antibacterial activity using 5 mm sterilised filter paper discs.…”

Growth inhibition of the zoonotic bacteria Bacillus anthracis by high antioxidant Australian plants: New leads for the prevention and treatment of anthrax

“…[22][23][24] Briefly, 100 µL of the test bacteria were grown in 10 mL of fresh nutrient broth media until they reached a count of approximately 10 8 cells/mL. An amount of 100 µL of bacterial suspension was spread onto nutrient agar plates.…”

“…[22][23][24] Briefly, 400 µL of seawater containing approximately 43 (mean 43.2, n=155, SD 14.5) A. franciscana nauplii were added to wells of a 48 well plate and immediately used for bioassay. A volume of 400 µL of diluted plant extracts or the reference toxin were transferred to the wells and incubated at 25 ± 1 o C under artificial light (1000 Lux).…”

“…Recent studies have demonstrated the potent inhibitory activity of several Australian plants with high antioxidant capacities against a wide panel of medicinally important bacteria. [18][19][20][21] Furthermore, potent growth inhibition of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases has also been reported for high antioxidant Australian fruits [22][23][24] and culinary herbs.…”