GC-MS Analysis of Commiphora molmol Oleo-Resin Extracts which Inhibit the growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Diseases

Abstract

Introduction: Myrrh has been used traditionally for the inhibition of microbial growth and for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Despite this, myrrh extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: Solvent extracts prepared from commercially obtained myrrh resin were analysed for the ability to inhibit the growth of bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis (P. mirabilis), ankylosing spondylitis (K. pneumoniae) and multiple sclerosis (A. baylyi, P. aeruginosa) by disc diffusion assay, and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by Artemia franciscana bioassay. The most potent inhibitory extract was investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic myrrh extract inhibited the growth of all bacterial species tested. The growth inhibition of this extract was particularly notable against P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae, with MIC values substantially < 1000 µg/mL for both reference and clinical bacterial strains. Indeed, the MIC values of the methanolic extract against P. mirabilis reference and clinical strains were 572 and 463 µg/mL respectively. The methanolic extract also inhibited the growth of A. baylyi (MIC approximately 3000 µg/mL) and P. aeruginosa (MIC approximately 1800 µg/mL). However, the MICs against these bacteria was indicative of only moderate inhibitory activity. The aqueous, ethyl acetate,

Cakile maritima Scop. extracts inhibit the growth of some bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases: GC-MS analysis of an inhibitory extract

“…Indeed, previous studies from our group have also shown the low susceptibility of these P. aeruginosa strains to conventional antibiotics. 35,36 The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts also inhibited P. aeruginosa growth, albeit with substantially smaller zones of inhibition (6.0 ± 0 and 6.7 ± 0.3 mm, respectively). The antimicrobial efficacy was further quantified by determining the MIC values for each extract against the microbial species which were determined to be susceptible.…”

“…35,36 The system was equipped with a Shimadzu auto-sampler AOC-5000 plus (USA) fitted with a solid phase micro-extraction fibre (SPME) handling system utilising a Supelco (USA) divinely benzene/carbowax/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/ PDMS). Chromatographic separation was accomplished using a 5% phenyl, 95% dimethylpolysiloxane (30 m×0.25 mm id×0.25 um) capillary column (Restek USA).…”

Available Pharmacological Options and Symptomatic Treatments of Multiple Sclerosis

“…CAM) research has accelerated in the past years, which may have a potential in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and several other autoimmune diseases. For instance, Cakile maritima extract, 57 Cammiphora molmol oleo-resin, 58 and Duboisia leichhardtii 59 are found to suppress the activity of a number of bacteria that are suggested to trigger an immune response; thus, may have a potential in the management of MS. Fumaria indica is another interesting natural product, which is found to act centrally and exert an anxiolytic effect; in addition to, suppressing cytokines count in the brain. 60 Nevertheless, these natural extracts and resins are still in the experimental and preclinical stages.…”

Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell. Fruit and Leaf Extracts Lack Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity

“…Indeed, the ability of plant extracts to block the growth of pathogenic bacteria has become a focus of substantial recent study. [1][2][3][4][5] Much of the research into traditional medicinal plant use has focused on Asian, [6][7][8] African, [9][10][11] Middle Eastern [12][13][14] and South American 15 plants. The recent establishment of bacterial pathogens that are either extremely (XDR) or totally resistant (TDR) to common clinically used antibiotics 16 has resulted in the need to develop new and effective antibiotic chemotherapies.…”