GC/MS analysis and bioactive properties of extracts obtained from Clusia minor L. leaves

Abstract

Clusia minor L. is traditionally used to treat many disorders that including pain and inflammation such as sores and warts. Four extracts from the leaves of plant were prepared: hexane (CMH-A), ethyl acetate (CMH-B), methanol (CMH-C) and ethanol (CMH-E) and the pharmacological (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties) and toxicity effects were examined. Previously, the main constituents from CMH-A extract was revealed. Here, we present the GC/MS analysis of CMH-B and CMH-C. Thirty three compounds were identified in the CMH-B extract and twenty seven compounds in the CMH-C. The presence of D-α-tocopherol and lupeol was relevant in both extracts. The only sterols identified were sitosterol and stigmasterol. All of them showed effective radical scavenger properties in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, being CMH-E extract the most promissory (IC50 = 10.25 µg/mL). CMH-A, C and E extracts, administered topically (0.5–4 mg per ear), significant reduced ear edema induced by croton oil at 4 mg per ear, meanwhile CMH-B that was be able to significant reduce the inflammation at the dose of 2 mg per ear. We evaluated also the cytotoxic activity of the extracts against kidney cells (BHK), colon cancer (CT26), endothelial cancer cells (EA.hy926) and breast cancer (4T1). CMH-B extract showed the most cytotoxicity effect, with IC50 values in the range of 32.01-203.5 µg/mL. In addition, no oral acute toxicity after mice exposure to Clusia minor L. extracts was observed. The results suggest Clusia minor L. may be a good potential source of new bioactive agents for developing medicinal agents.

A multiplex approach of MS, 1D‐, and 2D‐NMR metabolomics in plant ontogeny: A case study on Clusia minor L. organs (leaf, flower, fruit, and seed)

“…Clusia minor is a dioecious species traditionally used to treat pain and inflammation in sores and warts. Extracts from its leaves exhibit antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities based on in vitro and in vivo studies 26 . The antinociceptive potential of C. minor extract was confirmed in a model to assess inflammatory hyperalgesia in mice.…”

“…Extracts from its leaves exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities based on in vitro and in vivo studies. 26 The antinociceptive potential of C. minor extract was confirmed in a model to assess inflammatory hyperalgesia in mice. The analgesic action was achieved in a dose-dependent manner probably through peripheral and central pathways that modulate pain.…”

“…In another study, three polyprenylated benzophenones derivatives (propolone D, hyperibone B, and garcinielliptone I, all m/z 519 [M + H] + ), were isolated from its fruits 29 . More recent studies focused on the GC‐MS analysis of its leaves, with the detection of sterols, triterpenes, volatiles, and vitamin E 26,27 …”

“…28 In another study, three polyprenylated benzophenones derivatives (propolone D, hyperibone B, and garcinielliptone I, all m/z 519 [M + H] + ), were isolated from its fruits. 29 More recent studies focused on the GC-MS analysis of its leaves, with the detection of sterols, triterpenes, volatiles, and vitamin E. 26,27 With an increasing interest in the Clusia genus' health benefits and the lack of detailed phytochemical studies of its species to justify such applications scientifically, and also to evaluate other potential uses based on its rich constituents, the objective of the present work was to assess the metabolome variation of C. minor organs at different developmental stages via UPLC-MS and NMR fingerprinting. One successful application of HMBC in H. lupulus (hops) resin classification from different cultivars coupled to multivariate data analysis such as PCA has been reported by our group, 30 which we extend herein for the assessment of ontogenic effects in Clusia for its different organs including leaf, flower, fruit, and seed.…”