Gaze selection in complex social scenes

Birmingham, Elina; Bischof, Walter F.; Kingstone, Alan

doi:10.1080/13506280701434532

Cited by 161 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…More interesting, most of the fixations on people were targeted at an individual's eye region, with fewer gazes directed at the rest of the face, and fewer still at the torso and other body parts. Participants spontaneously chose to monitor the eyes of the people in the clips, and this extends to natural dynamic scenes what has previously only been found for static images (Birmingham et al, 2008) and Hollywood movies (Klin et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a large literature showing the importance of faces, and in particular eyes, in drawing attention (Kingstone, 2009). In static photographs, people often spend most of their time looking at the faces and eyes of the people in the scene (Birmingham et al, 2008). We therefore looked to see if the same was true in our dynamic movie clips, and also if this varied with social status.…”

Section: Regions Of Interest Analysismentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In images of complex natural scenes, viewers spend a large and disproportionate amount of time fixating other people, and in particular the eyes of others 0010-0277/$ -see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.09.003 (Birmingham, Bischof, & Kingstone, 2008). Children and adults with autistic spectrum disorder, who show abnormal and reduced social interactions, may not look at people in scenes and movies to the same degree as normally functioning participants (Dalton et al, 2005;Klin, Jones, Schultz, Volkmar, & Cohen, 2002), and these deficits in social attention may even be a causative factor in the disorder (Baron-Cohen, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gaze allocation in a dynamic situation: Effects of social status and speaking

et al. 2010

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a b s t r a c tHuman visual attention operates in a context that is complex, social and dynamic. To explore this, we recorded people taking part in a group decision-making task and then showed video clips of these situations to new participants while tracking their eye movements. Observers spent the majority of time looking at the people in the videos, and in particular at their eyes and faces. The social status of the people in the clips had been rated by their peers in the group task, and this status hierarchy strongly predicted where eyetracker participants looked: high-status individuals were gazed at much more often, and for longer, than low-status individuals, even over short, 20-s videos. Fixation was temporally coupled to the person who was talking at any one time, but this did not account for the effect of social status on attention. These results are consistent with a gaze system that is attuned to the presence of other individuals, to their social status within a group, and to the information most useful for social interaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regions Of Interest Analysismentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gaze allocation in a dynamic situation: Effects of social status and speaking

et al. 2010

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“…eye movements | overt visual attention | visual cognition | autism I nterest in understanding how our visual attention is influenced by social stimuli has grown substantially in recent years (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Everyday experience tells us that the social content of a scene, such as the people or faces in it, can "grab" our attention, leading us to focus in on these social stimuli, often at the expense of attending to other features in our environment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When presented with a picture of a human face, observers will look most to the socially informative features of the face, showing a strong preference to look at the eyes (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Similarly, when instructed to examine a scene containing several individuals, participants tend to spend much of their time looking back and forth between the figures (1,2,12), and people will preferentially look at social rather than nonsocial scenes if given a choice (13).…”

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confidence: 99%

Potential social interactions are important to social attention

Laidlaw

Foulsham

Kuhn

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Social attention, or how spatial attention is allocated to biologically relevant stimuli, has typically been studied using simplistic paradigms that do not provide any opportunity for social interaction. To study social attention in a complex setting that affords social interaction, we measured participants' looking behavior as they were sitting in a waiting room, either in the presence of a confederate posing as another research participant, or in the presence of a videotape of the same confederate. Thus, the potential for social interaction existed only when the confederate was physically present. Although participants frequently looked at the videotaped confederate, they seldom turned toward or looked at the live confederate. Ratings of participants' social skills correlated with head turns to the live, but not videotaped, confederate. Our results demonstrate the importance of studying social attention within a social context, and suggest that the mere opportunity for social interaction can alter social attention.eye movements | overt visual attention | visual cognition | autism

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CCTV Observation: The Effects of Event Type and Instructions on Fixation Behaviour in an Applied Change Blindness Task

Graham

Sauer

Akehurst

et al. 2017

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Although closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage is used in both crime prevention and police investigations to prosecute criminals, relatively little is known about the strategies that observers use when monitoring and interpreting (criminal) events observed in such footage. Howard, Troscianko, Gilchrist, Behera, and Hogg (2009) stated that measuring eye movements during CCTV monitoring might produce innovative data to determine the strategies people use when attending to footage. Stainer, Scott-Brown, and Tatler (2013) examined the eye movements of two trained CCTV operators monitoring multiple display screens on a wall, compared to a single-spot monitor (the operator could select only one of multiple screens to inspect in more detail). They found that more attention was allocated to the single-screen-spot monitor than the multiplex display, with the more (cf. less) experienced operator utilising the spot monitor more often. Stainer et al. (2013) identified that their observers selectively allocated attention based on expected informativeness. This replicated Howard, Troscianko, and Gilchrist's (2010) finding that participants with more experience watching football matches shifted their eyes to more informative areas of the footage earlier than did non-experienced observers. Following on from this work, we investigated whether event type and instructions affected fixation behaviour during CCTV observation and whether fixation behaviour predicted observers' detection of critical changes in the footage.

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Gaze selection in complex social scenes

Cited by 161 publications

References 19 publications

Gaze allocation in a dynamic situation: Effects of social status and speaking

Gaze allocation in a dynamic situation: Effects of social status and speaking

Potential social interactions are important to social attention

CCTV Observation: The Effects of Event Type and Instructions on Fixation Behaviour in an Applied Change Blindness Task

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