Gaze and Mutual Gaze

Benthall, Jonathan; Argyle, Michael; Cook, Mark

doi:10.2307/3032267

Cited by 40 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…Previous research indicated that direct gaze (e.g., Argyle & Cook, 1976;Böckler et al, 2014;Boyer & Wang, 2018;Conty et al, 2016;Kleinke, 1986;Senju & Johnson, 2009;van der Wel et al, 2018) as well as emotion expressions (e.g., Lundqvist & Öhman, 2005;Öhman et al, 2001) play a fundamental role in social attention. Addressing the interplay of those social cues, several studies demonstrated effects of observed gaze direction on the evaluation and recognition of emotion expressions on faces (Adams & Kleck, 2003Ganel et al, 2005;N'Diaye et al, 2009;Stoyanova et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous work indicates that direct gaze-when another individual's gaze is directed at the observer-is a particularly salient cue that is prioritized in cognitive processing (cf., eye contact/ watching eyes effects; Argyle & Cook, 1976;Conty et al, 2016;Kleinke, 1986;Senju & Johnson, 2009). This social gaze cue has been shown to broadly influence human cognition, for instance by capturing attention, enhancing self awareness and self-referential processing, and promoting prosocial behavior (e.g., Ernest-Jones et al, 2011;Hietanen & Hietanen, 2017;Nettle et al, 2012;Powell et al, 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

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What’s in a gaze, what’s in a face?: The direct gaze effect can be modulated by emotion expression.

Kotter¹,

Wel²,

Welsh³

et al. 2023

Emotion

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Gaze direction and emotion expression are salient facial features that facilitate social interactions. Previous studies addressed how gaze direction influences the evaluation and recognition of emotion expressions, but few have tested how emotion expression influences attentional processing of direct versus averted gaze faces. The present study examined whether the prioritization of direct gaze (toward the observer) relative to averted gaze (away from the observer) is modulated by the emotional expression of the observed face. Participants identified targets presented on the forehead of one of four faces in a 2 3 2 design (gaze direction: direct/averted; motion: sudden/static). Emotion expressions of the faces (neutral, angry, fearful, happy, disgusted) differed across participants. Direct gaze effects emerged-response times were shorter for targets on direct gaze than on averted gaze faces. This direct gaze effect was enhanced in angry faces (approach-oriented) and reduced in fearful faces (avoidance-oriented). "Weaker" approachand avoidance-oriented expressions (happy and disgusted) did not modulate the direct gaze effect. These findings suggest that the context of facial emotion expressions influences attentional processing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

What’s in a gaze, what’s in a face?: The direct gaze effect can be modulated by emotion expression.

Kotter¹,

Wel²,

Welsh³

et al. 2023

Emotion

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…"Eye contact is a natural experience of face-to-face communication" (M.Argely&M. Cook, 1976). There are two types of definitions about it.…”

Section: Figure 16 Eye Contactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Focusing on Eye Contact: Interpersonal Communication among Students at Eastern Mediterranean University

MARKO¹,

GOUNAILI²

2021

Polis

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This study aims to find out the factors that affect eye contact decoding which gives different meanings to different people. Eye contact is the only common language in the world and feature of non-verbal communication which is a branch of interpersonal communication. It is as old as humanity and common in our everyday lives but is hardly researched in communication studies. Qualitative methodology has been chosen and carried out among the students at the Eastern Mediterranean University in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. In this university, approximately 14000 students study. They constitute the population of the study. They come from 60 different countries. Data were collected from three different levels. The first one is semi-structured interviews with students from twenty one to thirty years old. The participants are from different countries like Albania, Turkey, Iran, and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Nigeria and Cameroon. The second method is focus group interviews. Ten people participated in these sessions: Five of them are males and five are females, from nineteen to twenty nine years old and all these students are from different cities of Turkey. The results show that eye contact is an important language of interpersonal communication. It can communicate a variety of attitudes such as anger, love, sadness, happiness as facial expression in different situations. On the whole, from both research that we conducted with students of Eastern Mediterranean University and field notes the researcher kept, how to decode the many possible elements and understanding the discourses of eye contact are closely are tied to cultural, ethnic, gender, relationship, media, situation and other factors.

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“…The conversational functions of gaze aversion are also closely related to speech (Abele, 1986;Argyle, & Cook, 1976;Kendon, 1967). In particular, gaze provides repeating, complementing, regulating and substitution of a verbal message.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MAGiC: A multimodal framework for analysing gaze in dyadic communication

Aydin

Kalkan

Acartürk

2018

JEMR

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The analysis of dynamic scenes has been a challenging domain in eye tracking research. This study presents a framework, named MAGiC, for analyzing gaze contact and gaze aversion in face-to-face communication. MAGiC provides an environment that is able to detect and track the conversation partner’s face automatically, overlay gaze data on top of the face video, and incorporate speech by means of speech-act annotation. Specifically, MAGiC integrates eye tracking data for gaze, audio data for speech segmentation, and video data for face tracking. MAGiC is an open source framework and its usage is demonstrated via publicly available video content and wiki pages. We explored the capabilities of MAGiC through a pilot study and showed that it facilitates the analysis of dynamic gaze data by reducing the annotation effort and the time spent for manual analysis of video data.

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Gaze and Mutual Gaze

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

What’s in a gaze, what’s in a face?: The direct gaze effect can be modulated by emotion expression.

What’s in a gaze, what’s in a face?: The direct gaze effect can be modulated by emotion expression.

Focusing on Eye Contact: Interpersonal Communication among Students at Eastern Mediterranean University

MAGiC: A multimodal framework for analysing gaze in dyadic communication

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