Gastroenteritis: a waterborne outbreak affecting 1600 people in a small Danish town.

Laursen, Elle; Mygind, Ole; Rasmussen, Bent; Rønne, T

doi:10.1136/jech.48.5.453

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Despite wealthy economies and access to proven drinking water-treatment technologies significant outbreaks of waterborne intestinal disease have occurred in North America and Western Europe over the last 10-15 years [2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992–2003

Smith¹,

Reacher²,

Smerdon³

et al. 2006

Epidemiol. Infect.

183

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We reviewed the epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of 89 reported outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease affecting 4321 people in England and Wales over the period 1992-2003. Public water supplies were implicated in 24 outbreaks (27%), private water supplies in 25 (28%), swimming pools in 35 (39%) and other sources in five outbreaks (6%). Cryptosporidium was implicated in 69% of outbreaks, Campylobacter sp. in 14%, Giardia in 2%, E. coli O157 in 3% and Astrovirus in 1%. From 2000, there was a consistent decline in the number of outbreaks of waterborne disease associated with public water supplies. The incidence rate of outbreaks in recipients of private water supplies may be as high as 35 times the rate in those receiving public water supplies (1830 vs. 53 per million population). Private water suppliers need to be aware of the importance of adequate treatment and the prevention of faecal contamination of storage water. Swimming-pool operators need to ensure chlorination and in particular adequate filtration measures are in place.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992–2003

Smith¹,

Reacher²,

Smerdon³

et al. 2006

Epidemiol. Infect.

183

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Apart from the problems of demonstrating NoV in water samples where collection time is usually delayed following "flash" contamination events, waterborne outbreaks often correlate with maintenance or emergency incidents, disinfectant failure or flooding at WTPs or wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), heavy rain, or human error (20,33). Significantly, the first warning of waterborne infections may come through increased reporting of gastroenteritis from the public (28).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Marked Genomic Diversity of Norovirus Genogroup I Strains in a Waterborne Outbreak

Nenonen

Hannoun

Larsson³

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bMarked norovirus (NoV) diversity was detected in patient samples from a large community outbreak of gastroenteritis with waterborne epidemiology affecting approximately 2,400 people. NoV was detected in 33 of 50 patient samples examined by groupspecific real-time reverse transcription-PCR. NoV genotype I (GI) strains predominated in 31 patients, with mixed GI infections occurring in 5 of these patients. Sequence analysis of RNA-dependent polymerase-N/S capsid-coding regions (ϳ900 nucleotides in length) confirmed the dominance of the GI strains (n ‫؍‬ 36). Strains of NoV GI.4 (n ‫؍‬ 21) and GI.7 (n ‫؍‬ 9) were identified, but six strains required full capsid amino acid analyses (530 to 550 amino acids) based on control sequencing of cloned amplicons before the virus genotype could be determined. Three strains were assigned to a new NoV GI genotype, proposed as GI.9, based on capsid amino acid analyses showing 26% dissimilarity from the established genotypes GI.1 to GI.8. Three other strains grouped in a sub-branch of GI.3 with 13 to 15% amino acid dissimilarity to GI.3 GenBank reference strains. Phylogenetic analysis (2.1 kb) of 10 representative strains confirmed these genotype clusters. Strains of NoV GII.4 (n ‫؍‬ 1), NoV GII.6 (n ‫؍‬ 2), sapovirus GII.2 (n ‫؍‬ 1), rotavirus (n ‫؍‬ 3), adenovirus (n ‫؍‬ 1), and Campylobacter spp. (n ‫؍‬ 2) were detected as single infections or as mixtures with NoV GI. Marked NoV GI diversity detected in patients was consistent with epidemiologic evidence of waterborne NoV infections, suggesting human fecal contamination of the water supply. Recognition of NoV diversity in a cluster of patients provided a useful warning marker of waterborne contamination in the Lilla Edet outbreak.

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“…They found that warmer temperatures and extreme rainfall were significant contributing factors to waterborne disease outbreaks in Canada . Similar studies have been conducted in England (Nichols et al 2009), the Netherlands (Schijven and de Roda Husman 2005), Finland (Miettinen et al 2001), Denmark (Laursen et al 1994), and Taiwan (Chen et al 2012). In many developing countries, lack of access to improved drinking water and sanitation exacerbates the impact of these extreme precipitation weather events on waterborne diseases.…”

Section: A) Waterborne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 74%

Climate Change Impacts on Human Health

Song¹,

Kintziger²,

Reaves³

et al. 2017

Florida’s Climate: Changes, Variations, &Amp; Impacts

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Key Messages• Florida is highly vulnerable to climate-sensitive hazards (e.g. sea level rise, heat waves, storm surge, and hurricanes), which have a wide range of human health effects.• The health effects can be direct, such as storm/temperature related illnesses, injuries, and deaths; or indirect, such as waterborne, food-borne, and vector-borne diseases; or take social and economic pathways, such as stress and mental illness.• The health effects exhibit substantial regional disparities across the state.• Policies focused on health surveillance and research on knowledge gaps between human exposure to the hazards and health effects are much needed.

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Gastroenteritis: a waterborne outbreak affecting 1600 people in a small Danish town.

Cited by 30 publications

References 4 publications

Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992–2003

Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992–2003

Marked Genomic Diversity of Norovirus Genogroup I Strains in a Waterborne Outbreak

Climate Change Impacts on Human Health

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