Gastro-oesophageal reflux in halothane anaesthetized sheep. The effects of feeding and positioning

Abstract

The frequency of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in sheep anaesthetized with halothane was reduced by withholding food and water for 24 hours. The total reflux volume increased. The effect of body position on GOR was studied by inclining the operating table at angles to the horizontal and positioning the head up or down on sand bags. The operative positions investigated were: right and left lateral recumbency with head down, dorsal recumbency with head down and right lateral recumbency with head up. Least GOR occurred when the sheep was in right lateral recumbency with a head up tilt and the body inclined at 20 degrees from the horizontal. A cuffed oesophageal drainage tube increased the incidence of GOR but prevented the chances of the aspiration of rumen material.

Endotracheal tube obstruction with a blood clot following aspiration of rumen contents in a reindeer

“…Furthermore, the reindeer developed bloat early on during the anaesthetic while in right lateral recumbency, which was treated by orogastric tube decompression. Orogastric or oesophageal tubes increase aspiration and regurgitation risk by overcoming the functional resistance of oropharynx, oesophagus and cardiac sphincter 12 13. In the present case the orogastric tube was left indwelling as repeat bloat was anticipated following anaesthesia and prolonged right lateral recumbency.…”

“…Effects are exacerbated by patient positioning in right lateral recumbency causing rumen compression 4 8 9. Several authors suggest maintaining sternal recumbency, positioning the animal with the nose down and neck elevated above the level of the cardia to allow saliva and regurgitated material to drain, while placing a cuffed ETT 8 12 13. Although the deer was intubated and positioned with its nose down and neck elevated, the risk of regurgitation still existed, particularly when moving between the induction box and theatre, when the ETT cuff could have moved and lost its snug fit, and during hip reduction when traction and counter pressure would increase intra‐abdominal pressure.…”

“…Fasting reduces rumen fill and gas production, reducing the risk of regurgitation and tympany. However, excessively long fasting is associated with increased rumen content fluidity and reduced frequency but larger volumes of reflux 1 8 13–15. Shorter starvation times are needed in smaller ruminants, with 24 hours recommended for sheep 15.…”

Review Article; Duodeno-Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Combined and Isolated

“…AMJ the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence (Gillen et al, 1988a;Attwood et al, 1992;Miwa et al, 1995;Nishijima et al, 2004;Kivilaakso et al, 1980;Fujimura, 1991;Clark et al, 1994;DeMeester et al, 1987;DeMeester and Ireland, 1997;Di Marco et al, 1990;Fein et al, 2000a;2000b;Fujikawa et al, 1994;Gerlach et al, 1997;Harmon et al, 1978;Hofmann et al, 1969;Hofmann and Mysels, 1992;Hossain et al, 1988;Isozaki et al, 1995;Kauer and Stein, 2002;Kauer, 2005;Kivilaakso et al, 1981;Segalin et al, 1994;Lillemoe et al, 1983;Miwa et al, 1992b;Smallwood and Hoffman, 1976;Theisen et al, 2003;Ireland et al, 1996). Manifold et al (2000a) studied the role of omeprazole in gastric carcinogenesis induced by duodeno-gastric reflux.…”

Land marks and quantity of 2% lidocaine for thoracolumbar paravertebral nerve block in west African dwarf goats (Capra hircus)

“…Such as specific nerve blocks to the limbs, Thoracolumbar paravertebral nerve blocks, and cornual block for dehorning (Edmondson 2008). Regional anaesthesia is the anaesthesia of choice in ruminants since general anaesthesia has certain limitations, due to their anatomical and physiological peculiarities (Shokry 1982;Hossain 1984;Hashim and Hossain 1989). Thoracolumbar paravertebral nerve block (TLPVB) refers to the perineural infiltration of local anaesthetics on the spinal nerves as they emerge from the intervertebral foramina.…”