Gas Production, 2. Processes

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Steam Reforming of Natural Gas and Other Hydrocarbons 1.1. Feedstocks 1.2. Natural Gas and Other Gaseous Hydrocarbons 1.2.1. Principles 1.2.2. Catalysts, Catalyst Poisons, Desulfurization 1.2.3. Tubular Reformers 1.2.4. Production of Fuel Gas and Synthesis Gas 1.2.5. Special Reforming Processes 1.3. Tubular Steam Reforming of Liquid Hydrocarbons 1.3.1. Commercial Processes 1.3.2. Fuel Gas and Synthesis Gas from Liquid Hydrocarbons 1.3.3. Special Processes 1.4. Prereforming 1.4.1. Principles 1.4.2. Catalysts 1.4.3. Prereforming of Natural Gas 1.4.4. Prereforming of Naphtha; Rich Gas Process 1.5. Autothermal Catalytic Reforming 2. Noncatalytic Partial Oxidation and Special Gasification Processes for Higher‐Boiling Hydrocarbons 2.1. Raw Materials 2.2. Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons 2.2.1. Principle 2.2.2. Types of Processes 2.2.3. Influencing Raw Gas Composition 2.2.4. Submerged Flame Process 2.3. Hydrogenating Gasification 3. Gas Production from Coal, Wood, and Other Solid Feedstocks 3.1. Fundamentals 3.1.1. Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions 3.1.2. Kinetics 3.2. Classification and General Characteristics of Gasification Processes 3.2.1. Criteria for Classification 3.2.2. Criteria for Process Assessment 3.2.3. Mathematical Modeling of Gasification Reactors 3.3. Characterization of Solid Feedstocks for Gasification 3.4. Moving‐ or Fixed‐Bed Processes 3.5. Fluidized‐Bed Processes 3.6. Entrained‐Flow Processes 3.7. Molten‐Bath Processes 3.8. Underground Coal Gasification 3.9. Environmental Aspects of Gasification

Optimal carbon dioxide and hydrogen utilization in carbon monoxide production

“…Steam methane reforming (SMR) uses steam as reforming agent in an endothermic reaction that produces high hydrogen content syngas [15,16]. This is the most used worldwide tehnology, especially when hydrogen is desired as the main or secondary product [17]. Non-catalitic partial oxidation (POX) uses oxygen as reforming agent in a high enxothermic reaction that can reach over 1200 ºC [18], and its catalytic version, auto-thermal reforming (ATR), uses a mixture of oxygen and steam in an also overall exothermic process [17,19].…”

“…This is the most used worldwide tehnology, especially when hydrogen is desired as the main or secondary product [17]. Non-catalitic partial oxidation (POX) uses oxygen as reforming agent in a high enxothermic reaction that can reach over 1200 ºC [18], and its catalytic version, auto-thermal reforming (ATR), uses a mixture of oxygen and steam in an also overall exothermic process [17,19]. These two technologies are the most used after SMR, especially when syngas with low to medium hydrogen content is the main sought product [20,21].…”

“…Bi-reforming consists in the addition of CO2 to the SMR reaction [22]. This change reduces the hydrogen content in the product but allows for an easier syngas composition adjustment, in addition to consuming CO2 in the process [17].…”

Process Optimization of the Methanol Synthesis Using Different Local Optimization Algorithms

“…Im Folgenden wird daher ein alternativer Ansatz betrachtet, mit dem sich Vorteile beider Methoden miteinander verbinden lassen. [37]. In dem als Gleichgewichtsreaktor modellierten adiabaten Prereformer laufen die folgenden Gleichgewichtsreaktionen ab: [42].…”

“…) ergibt sich die untere Grenze aus der Eintrittstemperatur, die obere Grenze stellt einen von Reimert et al[37] genannten Maximalwert dar. Um die obere Grenze für das Recycle-Verhältnis (Optimierungsvariable 9) sinnvoll zu begrenzen, wurde der größte von König und Göhna[39] genannte Wert verwendet.…”