Gas-liquid partition chromatography: the separation and micro-estimation of ammonia and the methylamines

James, A. T.; Martin, A. J. P.; Smith, G. Howard

doi:10.1042/bj0520238

Cited by 181 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…Thechromatographyofthedinitrophenylderivatives (Asatoor & Dalglesh, 1959) is limited to primary and secondary amines, and gas-liquid partition chromatography (James, Martin & Smith, 1952;James, 1952), although being potentially more rapid and convenient, is restricted to volatile amines. Weber (1951) used paper electrophoresis, but on the whole his results were disappointing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatographic methods for the study of amines from biological material

Blau

1961

Biochemical Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatographic methods for the study of amines from biological material

Blau

1961

Biochemical Journal

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“…Careful measurements of atmospheric CO 2 showing clearly the human impact begin at Moanna Loa (Keeling 1961) in the mid 1950's. These measurements also benefited from technological developments, in particular, gas chromatography (James and Martin 1952).…”

Section: Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near miss: the importance of the natural atmospheric CO2 concentration to human historical evolution

Archer

2016

Climatic Change

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When fossil fuel energy was discovered, the timing and intensity of the resulting climate impacts depended on what the natural CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere was at that time. The natural CO 2 concentration is thought to be controlled by complex, slow-acting natural feedback mechanisms, and could easily have been different than it turned out to be. If the natural concentration had been a factor of two or more lower, the climate impacts of fossil fuel CO 2 release would have occurred about 50 or more years sooner, making it much more challenging for the developing human society to scientifically understand the phenomenon of anthropogenic climate change in time to prevent it.1 Background 1.1 What sets the natural atmospheric CO 2 concentration?In the year 1750, according to measurements made on bubbles trapped in ice retrieved in cores from the Antarctic ice sheet, the atmospheric CO 2 concentration was about 278 ppm (molecules per million molecules of dry air) (Barnola et al. 1987). The concentration drifted through a range down to about 260 through our interglacial Holocene period. Previously to that, the concentration dropped as low as 180 ppm as it fluctuated in synchrony with changes in global ice volume through the glacial / interglacial cycles. The reasons for the CO 2 changes are not well understood but generally assumed to arise from chemical or circulation changes in the ocean (Anderson et al. 2009).Deeper in the geologic past, atmospheric CO 2 rose and fell in response to slow changes in the continental configuration of the Earth's crust. On time scales of a million years and longer, the CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere is thought to be set by a Bthermostat^mechanism involving the dissolution of igneous rocks on land, a process known as chemical weathering (Walker et al. 1981; Berner and Lasaga 1989). When some of the CaO (calcium oxide) The thermostat-generating feedback arises from the sensitivity of the chemical weathering reaction to Earth's climate, particularly the rate of precipitation and runoff from the continents. If the rate of chemical weathering removes CO 2 from the atmosphere faster than the volcanic degassing rate, the CO 2 concentration will fall, climate will cool, and the hydrological cycle will slow, until balance is reached at a theoretically stable equilibrium. By changing the susceptibility of the Earth to weatering, continental drift and mountain building drive slow changes from hot-house to glacial climate epochs. On shorter time scales, CO 2 can transiently fluctuate, temporarily deviating from steady state, as it did through the glacial/interglacial cycles of the last two million years.Climatic Change (2016) 138:1-11 DOI 10.1007/s10584-016-1725-The set point of the CO 2 thermostat depends on the intensity of sunlight received at the Earth's surface, among many other things (Berner and Lasaga 1989;Berner 1997). According to the Berner formulation, if the temperature at the surface of the sun were just 1 % hotter, or if Earth were just a few percent closer to ...

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“…The mass spectrum can also be combined with retention time or a retention index, such as Kovats [1]. This is especially useful when the compounds to be identified are members of a homologous series as their retention factors obey the Martin equation [2]. It is also especially useful for the higher members of a homologous series, because these compounds are less likely to show a molecular ion in the electron ionisation (EI) mass spectrum and are also less likely to give good matches to library mass spectra.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In isothermal gas chromatography homologous series are known to obey the Martin equation [2] provided the number of carbon atoms is high enough. When temperature programming is used, slight curvature is observed [5,6] when retention times of homologous series members are plotted against carbon number, above a certain carbon number.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of retention times of homologous series in temperature programmed gas chromatography

1999

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SummaryIt is shown how to estimate the retention times of homologous series members in linear temperature programmed gas chromatography with the aid of a spreadsheet. Both the ease of estimation and the accuracy of the estimation depend on whether the homologue is eluted during the rising portion of the temperature program or the hold time at the end, and also on whether the homologous series is eluted from one injection or a number of injections. When all members of the series elute in the one chromatographic run the percentage standard deviation of the predicted retention times from the experimental retention times is 0.1. When members of the series elute in different chromatographic runs, the percentage standard deviation of predicted times from experimental times is 0.6, compared with an experimental percentage standard deviation for replicates of 0.5.

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Gas-liquid partition chromatography: the separation and micro-estimation of ammonia and the methylamines

Cited by 181 publications

References 3 publications

Chromatographic methods for the study of amines from biological material

Chromatographic methods for the study of amines from biological material

Near miss: the importance of the natural atmospheric CO2 concentration to human historical evolution

Estimation of retention times of homologous series in temperature programmed gas chromatography

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