Gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of four benzodiazepines and citalopram in eleven postmortem rabbit fluids and tissues, with application to animal and human samples

Cartiser, Nathalie; Bévalot, Fabien; Meur, C. Le; Gaillard, Yvan; Malicier, D.; Hubert, N.; Guitton, Jérôme

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.08.023

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Tissue-specific uptake of oxazepam in perch C In the present study, the brain/plasma concentration ratio was 0.54, which is slightly lower than the brain/blood concentration ratios of oxazepam measured in rats intravenously injected with oxazepam (1.4-1.8) [42] and dogs addicted to different dosages of diazepam (,1), [43] and considerably lower than in humans treated with prazepam (3.2). [44] This could be due to the fact that teleost usually have a 2-3 times lower blood volume than humans. [45,46] This also indicates a lower transportability of oxazepam from blood to brain in fish compared with in mammals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[45,46] This also indicates a lower transportability of oxazepam from blood to brain in fish compared with in mammals. In the two studies made on other BDZs than oxazepam, [43,44] there is of course a confounding factor that the parent drugs have a different blood/brain ratio than the more hydrophilic metabolite oxazepam. Considering this and the variability in distribution coefficients among mammalian species, [42][43][44] one could argue that brain/blood concentration ratios of pharmaceuticals are fairly similar between fish and mammals; [21,22,38] however, to the best of our knowledge, this has never been studied systematically for different fish species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tissue-specific uptake of the benzodiazepine oxazepam in adult Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis)

et al. 2016

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Environmental context. Although pharmaceuticals are found in wild fish, there is no consensus as to which fish tissue to use when measuring the pharmaceutical concentrations. Using the psychiatric pharmaceutical oxazepam in Eurasian perch as an example, we found that oxazepam was distributed in the perch tissues in the following order of concentration: muscle , liver ¼ brain , blood plasma. These results help to interpret and compare previous studies, and provide guidance for future studies.Abstract. Psychoactive substances are used worldwide and constitute one of the common groups of pharmaceutical contaminants in surface waters. Typically, in field surveys and laboratory studies, muscle or whole-body homogenates are used to quantify pharmaceutical concentrations in biota, although uptake of pharmaceuticals may be tissue-specific. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the tissue-specific (muscle, liver, brain and blood plasma) uptake of the anxiolytic oxazepam in adult Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). In laboratory experiments, perch were exposed to four different concentrations (2, 4, 12 and 20 mgL À1 ) of oxazepam for 6 days, and muscle, liver, brain tissue and blood plasma were sampled to determine tissue-specific bioconcentration. We found that the tissue-specific bioconcentration was independent of oxazepam concentration. However, among tissue types, bioconcentration was significantly different, with the concentration in muscle , liver ¼ brain , blood plasma. Hence, it is important to consider the type of tissue used to quantify pharmaceutical uptake in fish, for predictions of species-specific sensitivity and comparisons across studies. Furthermore, our results indicate a somewhat lower transportability (brain/plasma ratio 0.54) of oxazepam from blood to brain in fish compared with in mammals, which should be kept in mind when employing 'read-across' approaches.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue-specific uptake of the benzodiazepine oxazepam in adult Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis)

et al. 2016

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“…As Figure 3 reflects conventional LLE [31,32], (ethyl acetate [33], 0.2% formic acid [34] etc.) or SPE [35][36][37][38] are still widely used by most researchers as isolation steps with no obvious relative advantages.…”

Section: Extraction Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparision among the methods published Gas chromatography: Gas chromatography (GC) still offers the best means to confirm benzodiazepines. Most of these methods derivatized the benzodiazepines with silylating reagents [32,37] to improve spectral definition and to reduce on-column thermal degradation. Two stages of derivatization using tetramethylammonium hydroxide and propyliodide (propylation), as well as a mixture of triethylamine:propionic anhydride (propionylation) were performed for the simultaneous determination of the 23 most commonly used benzodiazepines in blood [72].…”

Section: High Performance Liquid Chromatography (Hplc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview on Total Analytical Methods for the Detection of 1,4-Benzodiazepines

Uddin¹,

Victoria²,

Samanidou³

et al. 2014

Pharm Anal Acta

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“…Citalopram is a racemic mixture (50/50), and the inhibition of 5-HT reuptake by citalopram is primarily due to the (S)-enantiomer. The drug has been quantified using different method such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [1][2][3], thin layer chromatography (TLC) [4], LC-MS [5,6], GC-MS [7][8][9], LC [10]. Most of them are, however, difficult and/or time-consuming, requiring a derivatisation step or a specific solvent extraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer as a sorbent for solid phase extraction of citalopram from human serum and urine

Abdouss

Azodi‐Deilami

Asadi

et al. 2012

J Mater Sci: Mater Med

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This paper describes a new method for the determination of citalopram in biological fluids using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction as the sample cleanup technique combined with high performance liquid chromatography. The molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared using methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker, chloroform as porogen and citalopram hydrobromide as the template molecule. The novel imprinted polymer was used as a solid-phase extraction sorbent for the extraction of citalopram from human serum and urine. Effective parameters on citalopram retention were studied. The optimal conditions for molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction consisted of conditioning with 1 mL methanol and 1 mL of deionized water at neutral pH, loading of citalopram sample (50 μg L(-1)) at pH 9.0, washing using 1 mL acetone and elution with 3 × 1 mL of 10 % (v/v) acetic acid in methanol. The MIP selectivity was evaluated by checking several substances with similar molecular structures to that of citalopram. Results from the HPLC analyses showed that the calibration curve of citalopram using MIP from human serum and urine is linear in the ranges of 1-100 and 2-120 μg L(-1) with good precisions (2.5 and 1.5 % for 10.0 μg L(-1)), and recoveries (between 82-86 and 83-85 %), respectively.

show abstract

Gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of four benzodiazepines and citalopram in eleven postmortem rabbit fluids and tissues, with application to animal and human samples

Cited by 35 publications

References 47 publications

Tissue-specific uptake of the benzodiazepine oxazepam in adult Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis)

Tissue-specific uptake of the benzodiazepine oxazepam in adult Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis)

An Overview on Total Analytical Methods for the Detection of 1,4-Benzodiazepines

Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer as a sorbent for solid phase extraction of citalopram from human serum and urine

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