Gas Chromatography Detection Protocol of Short-chain Fatty Acids in Mice Feces

Liu, An; Zhang, Tianshuang; Yi, Li; Zhao, Hua

doi:10.21769/bioprotoc.3672

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the concentrations of standard solutions and volatile SCFAs in ileum and cecum chyme ( Zhang C. et al, 2020 ). Acetic acid, propionic acid, or butyric acid were dissolved in ether to form standard solutions of varying concentrations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Comparison of Clostridium butyricum and Sodium Butyrate Supplementation on Growth, Intestinal Health, and the Anti-inflammatory Response of Broilers

Liu

Ling

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Butyrate has been reported to promote proliferation of colonic epithelial cells and maintain intestinal barrier integrity in broilers. Although supplementation of Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate have been shown to confer benefits on broilers, their effects and mechanisms have not been compared. In this study, C. butyricum and sodium butyrate were added into the basal diet of broilers and their effects on growth performance, intestinal health, and anti-inflammatory response were analyzed. It was found that both C. butyricum and sodium butyrate showed good probiotic effects on broilers. Their effects on growth rate and expression of inflammation related genes were superior to that of the antibiotic oxytetracycline. Besides, the two dietary supplements improved intestinal structure integrity and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, whereas the antibiotic had negative effects. Comparison of the two supplements revealed that sodium butyrate more effectively improved the growth and intestinal structure of broilers than C. butyricum. On the contrary, C. butyricum was superior to sodium butyrate in promoting tight junction protein expression and anti-inflammatory response. In summary, this study demonstrates the positive effects of C. butyricum and sodium butyrate on broilers, and will serve as a reference for selection of appropriate butyrate supplementation for broilers in the breeding industry.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Comparison of Clostridium butyricum and Sodium Butyrate Supplementation on Growth, Intestinal Health, and the Anti-inflammatory Response of Broilers

Liu

Ling

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Before processing the samples, pretreatment, distillation, ultrafiltration, and extraction are important for a rapid qualitative and quantitative SCFA determination in biological samples. To remove the protein fraction in the samples and simultaneously obtain the maximum 1 http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi 2 http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/collections/BioloMICSSequences.aspx yield of small molecules after purification, a series of organic and aqueous extractions can be conducted, followed by removal of the organic solvent (Zhao et al, 2006;Fiorini et al, 2015;Hoving et al, 2018;Nelson et al, 2018;Zhang C. et al, 2020). However, one of the most critical steps in the GC-MS analysis of SCFA is the derivatization (e.g., by silylation or alkylation) to improve separation.…”

Section: Analysis Of Vaginal Microbiome and Metabolomementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Fatty Acid Metabolites in Vaginal Health and Disease: Application to Candidiasis

et al. 2021

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Although the vast majority of women encounters at least one vaginal infection during their life, the amount of microbiome-related research performed in this area lags behind compared to alternative niches such as the intestinal tract. As a result, effective means of diagnosis and treatment, especially of recurrent infections, are limited. The role of the metabolome in vaginal health is largely elusive. It has been shown that lactate produced by the numerous lactobacilli present promotes health by limiting the chance of infection. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) have been mainly linked to dysbiosis, although the causality of this relationship is still under debate. In this review, we aim to bring together information on the role of the vaginal metabolome and microbiome in infections caused by Candida. Vulvovaginal candidiasis affects near to 70% of all women at least once in their life with a significant proportion of women suffering from the recurrent variant. We assess the role of fatty acid metabolites, mainly SCFA and lactate, in onset of infection and virulence of the fungal pathogen. In addition, we pinpoint where lack of research limits our understanding of the molecular processes involved and restricts the possibility of developing novel treatment strategies.

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“…A standard mix (0.4 μL) containing 55.06 mM acetate, 15.84 mM propionate, 4.25 mM isobutyrate, 8.57 mM butyrate, 3.58 mM isovalerate, and 3.56 mM valerate and test samples were mixed and run through a CP-WAX capillary column (length 30 m, inner diameter 0.53 mm, and film thickness 1 μm) in a gas chromatograph (GC-9A, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Program settings and calculations of concentrations were according to a previous protocol [ 59 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Short-Day Cycle Induces Intestinal Epithelial Purine Metabolism Imbalance and Hepatic Disfunctions in Antibiotic-Mediated Gut Microbiota Perturbation Mice

Zhen

Chen

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Intestinal microbiota dysbiosis is related to many metabolic diseases in human health. Meanwhile, as an irregular environmental light–dark (LD) cycle, short day (SD) may induce host circadian rhythm disturbances and worsen the risks of gut dysbiosis. Herein, we investigated how LD cycles regulate intestinal metabolism upon the destruction of gut microbes with antibiotic treatments. The growth indices, serum parameters, concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and relative abundance of intestinal microbes were measured after euthanasia; intestinal contents, epithelial metabolomics, and hepatic transcriptome sequencing were also assessed. Compared with a normal LD cycle (NLD), SD increased the body weight, spleen weight, and serum concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, while it decreased high-density lipoprotein. Meanwhile, SD increased the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum while it decreased the Firmicutes phylum in the gut of ABX mice, thus leading to a disorder of SCFA metabolism. Metabolomics data revealed that SD exposure altered gut microbial metabolism in ABX mice, which also displayed more serious alterations in the gut epithelium. In addition, most differentially expressed metabolites were decreased, especially the purine metabolism pathway in epithelial tissue. This response was mainly due to the down-regulation of adenine, inosine, deoxyguanosine, adenylsuccinic acid, hypoxanthine, GDP, IMP, GMP, and AMP. Finally, the transcriptome data also indicated that SD has some negative effects on hepatic metabolism and endocrine, digestive, and disease processes. Overall, SD induced an epithelial and hepatic purine metabolism pathway imbalance in ABX mice, as well as the gut microbes and their metabolites, all of which could contribute to host metabolism and digestion, endocrine system disorders, and may even cause diseases in the host.

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Gas Chromatography Detection Protocol of Short-chain Fatty Acids in Mice Feces

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Functional Comparison of Clostridium butyricum and Sodium Butyrate Supplementation on Growth, Intestinal Health, and the Anti-inflammatory Response of Broilers

Functional Comparison of Clostridium butyricum and Sodium Butyrate Supplementation on Growth, Intestinal Health, and the Anti-inflammatory Response of Broilers

The Role of Fatty Acid Metabolites in Vaginal Health and Disease: Application to Candidiasis

The Short-Day Cycle Induces Intestinal Epithelial Purine Metabolism Imbalance and Hepatic Disfunctions in Antibiotic-Mediated Gut Microbiota Perturbation Mice

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