Gas chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (GC-API-MS): Review

Li, Duxin; Gan, Lin; Bronja, Amela; Schmitz, Oliver J.

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.002

Cited by 135 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…The rather slow developments and issues encountered in GC-EI-TOF-MS resulted in an increased interest in the coupling of GC to HRMS-devices developed for LC, through atmospheric pressure ionization, especially APCI [29]. Following work on interface development [30] and first evaluations of applications [31,32] a number of publications appeared on the suitability for both quantitative and qualitative residue analysis [33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of gas chromatography – electron ionization – full scan high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry for pesticide residue analysis

Mol

Tienstra

Zomer

2016

Analytica Chimica Acta

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of gas chromatography – electron ionization – full scan high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry for pesticide residue analysis

Mol

Tienstra

Zomer

2016

Analytica Chimica Acta

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“…In contrast with ESI, which relies on a liquid-phase ionization, APCI ionization occurs in the gas phase. GC-APCI-MS has been scarcely reported in metabolomics studies even though it shows less fragmentation than EI and, in some cases, is more sensitive than EI and CI [94]. The main limitation of GC-APCI-MS in metabolomics applications, shared by LC-APCI-MS as well as GC-CI-MS, is the lack of spectral libraries for compound identification.…”

Section: Ionization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, as ionization using APCI is more conditiondependent (e.g., humidity, temperature, flow conditions, source geometry, cone voltages, etc.) than EI, comparison of spectra between different instruments might be limited [94].…”

Section: Ionization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Pitfalls and Challenges in Clinical Metabolomics

et al. 2016

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Metabolomics-based strategies have become an integral part of modern clinical research, allowing for a better understanding of pathophysiological conditions and disease mechanisms, as well as providing innovative tools for more adequate diagnostic and prognosis approaches. Metabolomics is considered an essential tool in precision medicine, which aims for personalized prevention and tailor-made treatments. Nevertheless, multiple pitfalls may be encountered in clinical metabolomics during the entire workflow, hampering the quality of the data and, thus, the biological interpretation. This review describes the challenges underlying metabolomics-based experiments, discussing step by step the potential pitfalls of the analytical process, including study design, sample collection, storage, as well as preparation, chromatographic and electrophoretic separation, detection and data analysis. Moreover, it offers practical solutions and strategies to tackle these challenges, ensuring the generation of high-quality data.

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“…Other ion sources include chemical ionization (CI), photo ionization (PI), variable ionization, atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI), and atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI) . In general, CI, performed under vacuum or at atmospheric pressure, reveals molecular ions but is highly condition‐dependent (reagent gases, flow, humidity, temperature, source geometry, etc) . Next to these techniques, PI is (re)emerging as a more universal soft‐ionization technique due to its limited dependency only towards the type of lamp used as the photon source.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compositional elucidation of heavy petroleum base oil by GC × GC‐EI/PI/CI/FI‐TOFMS

et al. 2019

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Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry is a powerful separation tool for complex petroleum product analysis. However, the most commonly used electron ionization (EI) technique often makes the identification of the majority of hydrocarbons impossible due to the exhaustive fragmentation and lack of molecular ion preservation, prompting the need of soft‐ionization energies. In this study, three different soft‐ionization techniques including photo ionization (PI), chemical ionization (CI), and field ionization (FI) were compared against EI to elucidate their relative capabilities to reveal different base oil hydrocarbon classes. Compared with EI (70 eV), PI (10.8 eV) retained significant molecular ion (M+·) information for a large number of isomeric species including branched‐alkanes and saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons along with unique fragmentation patterns. However, for bicyclic/polycyclic naphthenic and aromatic compounds, EI played upper hand by retaining molecular as well as fragment ions to identify the species, whereas PI exhibited mainly molecular ion signals. On the other hand, CI revealed selectivity towards different base oil groups, particularly for steranes, sulfur‐containing thiophenes, and esters, yielding protonated molecular ions (M + H)+ for unsaturated and hydride abstracted ions (M‐H+) for saturated hydrocarbons. FI, as expected, generated intact molecular ions (M+·) irrespective to the base oil chemical classes. It allowed elemental composition by TOFMS with a mass resolving power up to 8000 (FWHM) and a mass accuracy of 1 mDa, leading to the calculation of heteroatomic content, double bond equivalency, and carbon number of the compounds. The qualitative and quantitative results presented herein offer a unique perspective into the detailed comparison of different ionization techniques corresponding to several hydrocarbon classes.

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Gas chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (GC-API-MS): Review

Cited by 135 publications

References 130 publications

Evaluation of gas chromatography – electron ionization – full scan high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry for pesticide residue analysis

Evaluation of gas chromatography – electron ionization – full scan high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry for pesticide residue analysis

Analytical Pitfalls and Challenges in Clinical Metabolomics

Compositional elucidation of heavy petroleum base oil by GC × GC‐EI/PI/CI/FI‐TOFMS

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