Gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopy analysis of mutagenic extracts of aqueous chlorinated humic acid.  A comparison of the byproducts to drinking water contaminants

Coleman, W. Emile; Munch, Jean W.; Kaylor, William H.; Streicher, Robert P.; Ringhand, H. P.; Meier, John R.

doi:10.1021/es00127a008

Cited by 156 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…For example, chlorine reacts readily with humic substances from decaying animal and vegetable matter and produces a variety of well-studied halogenated DPBs (e.g., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles) (Christman et al, 1983;Coleman et al, 1984). Similar known DBPs are formed during chloramination, although at lower concentrations than chlorination, as well as possibly forming nitrogen-containing compounds such as cyanogen chloride and N-organochloramines (Kanniganti et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of solid phase microextraction for the analysis of hydrophilic compounds

Shoemaker

Munch

Behymer

1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Two commercially available solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers, polyacrylate and carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), were evaluated for their ability to extract hydrophilic compounds from drinking water. Conditions, such as desorption time, desorption temperature, sample temperature, sample stirring, methanol concentration in the sample, and ionic strength of the sample, were optimized for 12 hydrophilic compounds (e.g., amines and alcohols) with both fibers. Accuracy, precision, and method detection limits (MDLs) were determined for the target analytes with both fibers. In general, both fibers exhibited excellent accuracy and precision in the range of 91±110% and 1.0±13%, respectively. The carboxen/PDMS fiber extracted these hydrophilic compounds from water with 10 to 100 times lower MDLs (0.10 to 15 g/l) than the polyacrylate fiber (1.5 to 80 g/l). The MDLs of the carboxen/PDMS fiber demonstrate that SPME is a feasible approach for extracting hydrophilic compounds from drinking water.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of solid phase microextraction for the analysis of hydrophilic compounds

Shoemaker

Munch

Behymer

1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…The United States Air Force is currently involved in a major research effort by both governmental and nongovernmental agencies to provide a meaningful scientific basis to assess the human health risk of exposure to TCE. Additionally, after the trihalomethanes, DCA and TCA are the most common organic contaminants formed as reaction by-products during chlorine disinfection of water containing humic acids and other organic substances (8,25); they are found in finished chlorinated drinking water with concentrations ranging from 34 to 160 pLg/ml (22,36). Administering DCA or TCA in the drinking water to B6C3F1 mice has been shown to cause hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas (3,10,20,(29)(30)(31).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissimilar Characteristics of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Initiated Foci and Tumors Promoted by Dichloroacetic Acid or Trichloroacetic Acid in the Liver of Female B6C3F1 Mice

Latendresse

Pereira

1997

Toxicol Pathol

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Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are metabolites of the industrial solvent and environmental contaminant trichloroethylene (TCE), as well as contaminants of chlorinated drinking water. Human exposure to these chemicals is of concern as all three have been shown to increase liver tumor incidence in mice. Differences in dose-response curves, progression to cancer, and postexposure regression of lesions suggest that TCA and DCA work through different mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to further characterize the proliferative hepatocellular lesions promoted by TCA and DCA using biomarkers of cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism in liver sections to better delineate the distinctions in the mechanism of the two chloroacetates. Fifteen-day-old female mice were initiated with 25 mg/kg N -methyl-N -nitrosourea. The initiated mice were administered DCA or TCA (20.0 mmol/L) in drinking water from age 49 days until euthanasia at age 413 days. The pathologic assessment showed that the foci of altered hepatocytes and tumors occurring in the animals promoted with DCA were eosinophilic and positive immunohistochemically for TGF-α, c-jun , c-myc , CYP 2E1, CYP 4A1, and glutathione S -transferase-π (GST-π). The DCA lesions also were essentially negative for c-fos and TGF-β, but nontumor hepatocytes were consistently TGF-β-positive. In contrast, tumors promoted by TCA were predominantly basophilic, lacked GST-π, and stained variably; usually, more than 50% of the tumor hepatocytes were essentially negative for the other biomarkers. This study demonstrates some striking differences in certain molecular biomarkers of cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism between DCA and TCA. The results also suggest some potential growth signal transduction pathways that may contribute to the DCA promotion of tumors, further support the premise that these two chloroacetates promote hepatocarcinogenesis in different ways, and provide a rational basis for a similar comparison with TCE. Such a comparison should give some insight as to whether DCA, TCA, or both are playing a significant role in the murine liver carcinogenesis of the parent compound, TCE.

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“…Since Rook (1) demonstrated the formation of chloroform and other chlorobrominated methanes resulting from the chlorination of water containing humic substances and inorganic bromine, a number of studies have confirmed and elaborated on the formation of halocompounds as by-products of the chlorination process (2)(3)(4)(5)(6). The classes of halogenated compounds that are formed include acids, alcohols, hydrocarbons (aromatic and nonaromatic), ketones, and aldehydes (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These samples were then injected into a Finnigan gas chromatograph (model 9503). The temperatures of the injector, the n-octane/ Porasil-C column (6 ft in length), and the flame ionization detector were 50°C, 22°C (room temperature), and 150°C, respectively. Gas flow rates were: helium, 25 cm3/min; hydrogen, 30 cm3/min; air 150 cm3/min.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of the toxic interactions of disinfection by-products.

Laurie¹,

Bercz²,

Wessendarp³

et al. 1986

Environ Health Perspect

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A large number and variety of compounds are formed in the process of chlorinating drinking water. The classes of compounds formed include trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, halophenols, and halopropanones. Many of the compounds have been shown to be toxic and are currently being further evaluated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).One group of the halopropanones found in chlorinated drinking water is the dichloropropanones. The toxicological properties of this group have not been well characterized. In addition, a number of investigators have shown that ketones potentiate the hepatotoxicity of haloalkanes. We conducted a series of studies to explore both the toxicity of the dichloropropanones and their potential interactions with a wellcharacterized haloalkane, carbon tetrachloride. A variety of toxicological and biochemical endpoints were used to evaluate the toxicity of the dichloropropanones and their interaction with CCI4, including cytochrome P-450 concentration, reduced glutathione levels, pentane generation, serum enzyme activities, and histopathology.Administration of 1,1-dichloropropanone (DCP) resulted in elevated serum enzymes associated with periportal necrosis. Glutathione levels were reduced by the administration of 1,1-DCP; pentane generation was not increased. When 1,1-DCP was given prior to CC14, the data were consistent with additivity. Administration of 1,3-DCP did not result in elevated serum enzymes, nor was there histopathologic evidence of necrosis. Glutathione levels and pentane generation in the 1,3-DCP-treated groups were the same as those of controls. Inhibition of the toxicologic effects of CCl4 in a dose-related manner was observed when 1,3-DCP was administered prior to CCl4.

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Gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopy analysis of mutagenic extracts of aqueous chlorinated humic acid. A comparison of the byproducts to drinking water contaminants

Cited by 156 publications

References 18 publications

Evaluation of solid phase microextraction for the analysis of hydrophilic compounds

Evaluation of solid phase microextraction for the analysis of hydrophilic compounds

Dissimilar Characteristics of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Initiated Foci and Tumors Promoted by Dichloroacetic Acid or Trichloroacetic Acid in the Liver of Female B6C3F1 Mice

Studies of the toxic interactions of disinfection by-products.

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