Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of tannin hydrolysates from the ink of ancient manuscripts (XIth to XVIth century)

Analysis of a sugar fraction from MoroccanPinus pinastervar.atlanticaandPinus pinastervar.moghrebianabark extracts

“…On the other hand, the presence of arabinofuranose and arabinopyranose was established by the comparison to mass spectra of standards products provide by NIST 98 (Table III). The results obtained are in accordance with published data (Dejongh et al, 1969;Arpino et al, 1977).…”

“…The presence of these sugars in bark extracts of pine species was reported previously (Roudier & Eberhard 1963, 1965Kretz, 1973, Kaverzina et al, 1981Antonova et al, 1983). In mass spectrometry by electronic impact, the mass spectrum sugars is characterised by the intense ions at m/z 204 and m/z 217 (Arpino et al, 1977;Dejongh et al, 1967). The glucose, the fructose, the sorbose and the galactose present the same molecular ion to m/z 540.…”

“…Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a method commonly used for determination of the chemical structure of carbohydrates after their transformation to trimethylsilyl derivatives (Sweeley et al, 1963;Arpino et al, 1977;Dejongh et al, 1969;Ellervik & Magnusson, 1993) and tannins bark extract after acid hydrolysis (Fechtal & Riedl, 1991). In this study, the content of free sugars in bark extract of the maritime pine at different levels of tree height is quantified.…”

Application of analytical pyrolysis for the characterisation of old inks

“…Much less attention has been dedicated to the organic components in inks even if the identification of all the constituents may play an important role in the conservation and restoration of manuscripts giving interesting information for historians about the production techniques and their evolution in different times or places [18][19][20]. Besides the gallic-tannic content, the iron-gall ink contains a binder that generally is a natural gum but also an oil, a resin or egg white [20].…”

Towards a new conservation method for ancient manuscripts by inactivation of iron via complexation and extraction

“…Acid hydrolysis and after-effects of Fenton reactions were blamed for degradation caused by iron gall inks [10,11,12]. It is well known that these kinds of inks were produced by mixing aqueous solutions of iron(II) sulfate with extracts of gall nuts, but usually also variety of different, less important components, were added [13,14,15]. The colour of ink originates, according to Wunderlich [16,17], from the complexes of iron(III) ions with gallic acid and according to Krekel [18] from the complexes with pyrogallol.…”