Application of analytical pyrolysis for the characterisation of old inks

Chiàvari, Giuseppe; Montalbani, Simona; Prati, Silvia; Keheyan, Yeghis; Baroni, S.

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2007.04.011

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…A better insight into different ink recipes would be quite relevant to both conservators and scholars. It would allow for development of better conservation and restoration practices, and it could significantly improve the knowledge of history and technology of historic inks in library and archival materials, including their provenance . The recently reported observations of shifts and deformations in vibrational spectra of original historic inks open interesting possibilities for ink characterisation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of iron‐based inks by means of micro‐Raman spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis

Piantanida

Menart

Bicchieri³

et al. 2013

J Raman Spectroscopy

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In this work, multivariate data analysis methods were applied to the analysis and interpretation of micro‐Raman spectra, collected from a broad set of historical iron‐based ink samples, previously characterised for the content of organic acids (gallic acid, ellagic acid and protocatechuic acid). The proposed method relies on principal component analysis of the noisy spectra typically obtained on original, degraded, organic samples, where fluorescence could affect the Raman signal. The signal components could be distinguished from the noise components and then used to build a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model, achieving separation of the spectra into three classes. Selection of pure signal factors also improved effectiveness and performances of partial least square regression (PLS) algorithms, allowing quantification of condensed tannic acid residuals. Application of multivariate methods to discriminate signal from noise removes the need for spectral data manipulation (filtering, smoothing and differentiating). The obtained classification method for discrimination of historic inks and the regression method for determination of condensed tannic acid residuals supports the use of Raman analysis of fluorescing organic materials, and may provide information to scholars on ink composition and potentially on its provenance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of iron‐based inks by means of micro‐Raman spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis

Piantanida

Menart

Bicchieri³

et al. 2013

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…Taking the acidic environment in which iron gall ink is formed and the ink's metal-sulfate additives into account (e.g. blue vitriol, CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O, (Cennini, 1954;Hahn, et al, 2004;Chiavari et al, 2007) it is not surprising that some anhydrite could be present.…”

Section: Microanalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Complementary, -Raman analysis was performed in several underdrawing areas and the spectra obtained in our work were compared with spectra obtained from previous studies developed in ancient manuscripts and papers, comercial iron gall inks and also with some experimental reprodutions according to ancient recipes (Brown and Clark, 2004;Vandenabeele and Moens, 2004;Lee et al, 2006Lee et al, , 2008Chiavari et al, 2007;Aceto et al, 2008;Creagh et al, 2009).…”

Section: Microanalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

New insight on the underdrawing of 16th Flemish-Portuguese easel paintings by combined surface analysis and microanalytical techniques

Valadas

Freire²,

Cardoso

et al. 2016

Micron

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a b s t r a c tThis paper focusses on the study of the underdrawings of 16th century easel paintings attributed to the workshop of the Portuguese-Flemish Master Frei Carlos. This investigation encompasses multidisciplinary research that relates the results of surface exams (infrared reflectography, standard light photography and infrared photography) with analytical investigations.The surface analysis of Frei Carlos' underdrawings by infrared reflectography has shown heterogeneous work, revealing two different situations: (1) an abundant and expressive underdrawing, revealing a Flemish influence and (2) a simple and outlined underdrawing. This preliminary research raised an important question related to this Portuguese-Flemish workshop and to the analytical approach: Is the underdrawing's heterogeneity, as observed in the reflectograms, related to different artists or is this rather an effect that is produced due to the use of different materials in the underdrawing's execution? Consequently, if different materials were used, how can we have access to the hidden underdrawings? In order to understand the reasons for this dissemblance, chemical analysis of micro-samples collected in underdrawing areas and representing both situations were carried out by optical microscopy, micro Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (-Raman). Taking into account the different possibilities and practical and theoretical limitations of surface and punctual examinations in the study of easel painting underdrawings, the methodology of research was adjusted, sometimes resulting in a re-analysis of experimental results. This research shows the importance of combining multispectral surface exams and chemical analysis in the understanding of the artistic creative processes of 16th century easel paintings.

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“…The application of pyrolysis for the analysis of inks is less time-consuming than gas chromatographic methods reported in literature because no sample treatments are necessary. In paper [20] we have proposed thermal hydrolysis and methylation (THM) pyrolysis for the characterisation of inks organic component. The method was applied on several standards and on original samples showing that it is suitable for the characterisation of iron gall and sepia inks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%