Gamma‐Ray Tolerant Flexible Pressure–Temperature Sensor for Nuclear Radiation Environment

Abstract

Reliable and highly sensitive flexible physical sensors hold great potential for applications in emerging technologies. Among others, of particular importance is to embed the sensor into operations at the hazardous fields, like radioactive zones or nuclear power plants. However, a significant challenge is to develop the radiation tolerant flexible sensors with stable performance under extreme conditions. This study presents a flexible pressure–temperature sensor based on MXene/Fe3O4/graphene porous network/Ecoflex (MFGPNE) and thoroughly investigates the effect of a high dose of γ‐irradiation on their physical and electrical properties. The proposed sensors are characterized by a 4.71 kPa−1 sensitivity to the applied pressure in the range of 0–62.5 kPa and by a 2.23% resistance change per degree in the temperature range of 21–110 °C. The in situ electrical experiments, performed during irradiation of the MFGPNE sensor by 20 kGy of γ‐rays (60Co), reveal the stable and reliable operation of the sensor. Superior radiation stability and pressure–temperature sensitivity are achieved due to the inherent nature of the materials and the sophisticated design of the proposed sensors. Moreover, an MFGPNE sensor‐based prototype gripper for grasping force control by remote monitoring of the press and lift forces demonstrates the application of the proposed sensor.

Two-Dimensional Field-Effect Transistor Sensors: The Road toward Commercialization

“…Copyright 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (c, d) Adapted with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.…”

“…Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (f) Adapted with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.…”

“…In spite of enormous efforts on FET-based wearable electronics, there has been increasing interest in multianalyte analysis that mimics human skin . An example includes developing a prototypical gripper consisting of multiplex sensors, data converter units, and microcontroller modules (Figure a) . Simultaneous force and temperature monitoring is attractive but requires an independent sensing unit and data processing module.…”

“…Moreover, the device exhibited a durable sensitivity of ∼1.34% °C−1 over 10 000 cyclic tests. Recently, Mondal et al 369 fabricated a flexible temperature sensor using MXene/Fe 3 O 4 /graphene porous network/Ecoflex (Figure 14c). The electric properties of the connected network were affected by the heating or cooling process, which was attributed to the differential thermal expansion factor of MXene, graphene, and Ecoflex.…”

Highly Sensitive and Fast Responsive Humidity Sensor based on 2D PtSe2 with Gamma Radiation Tolerance

“…[ 14,15 ] Several factors such as in situ healing of defects during irradiation, absence of collisional cascade, presence of grain boundary, high conductivity, nanoporosity, etc., make the 2D materials a strong candidate as a radiation‐tolerant system. [ 16,17 ] Among 2D TMDs, platinum diselenide (PtSe 2 ), a group‐10 TMD‐layered material, has attracted increasing attention because of its inherent properties such as low‐temperature growth, high carrier mobility at room temperature, layer‐dependent carrier transport properties, and long‐term air stability. [ 18,19 ] PtSe 2 has emerged as a promising material for its semi‐metallic conductivity in the bulk phase, and semiconducting characteristics with a bandgap of 1.2 eV in its single‐layer form.…”