“…Technological breakthroughs like Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), autonomous vehicles, Blockchain, Big Data, cloud computing, speech, facial recognition (Jabeen et al, 2022;Li et al, 2021;G€ ossling, 2020;Filimonau and Naumova, 2020;Huang and Rust, 2021;€ Onder and Gunter, 2020;Zaman et al, 2022), social media, intelligent service desks, Metaverse (Buhalis et al, 2023b), Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) (Cranmer et al, 2021), multiply these opportunities for both consumers and businesses (Zhong et al, 2023;Chen et al, 2022). Some technologies have disrupted and transformed the operation of tourism and hospitality businesses by changing entire business models (Abou Kamar et al, 2024;Fennell, 2021). Examples include the rise of Online Travel Agencies (OTAs) that reshaped the booking process, and the advent of digital platforms like Airbnb, which challenged traditional accommodation providers.…”