Game Reasoning and Interactional Morality

Bredemeier, Brenda Jo; Shields, David Light

doi:10.1080/00221325.1986.9914499

Cited by 99 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…reported that boys were reasoning at lower moral levels-that is more egocentric and instrumental and less empathic and prosocial-when responding to sportsspecific dilemmas instead of general daily dilemmas (Bredemeier & Shields, 1986a, 1986b. Stevenson (1998) found that student athletes reasoned at lower moral levels than students who did not participate in sports when issues of social responsibility were discussed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On‐ and off‐field antisocial and prosocial behavior in adolescent soccer players: A multilevel study

Rutten

Deković

Stams

et al. 2007

Journal of Adolescence

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This study investigated to what extent team membership predicts on-and offfield antisocial and prosocial behavior in (pre)adolescent athletes. Effects of team-membership were related to characteristics of the team environment, such as relational support from the coach towards team members, fair play attitude and sociomoral reasoning within the team, and sociomoral climate. The sample consisted of N=331 male soccer players. Multilevel analyses revealed that 21% of the variance in off-field antisocial behavior, and 8% and 14% of the variance in on-field antisocial and prosocial behavior, respectively, could be attributed to characteristics of the sporting environment, including relational support from the coach, exposure to high levels of sociomoral reasoning about sports dilemmas, and positive team attitude toward fair play. The results highlight the importance of contextual factors in explaining both antisocial and prosocial behavior in adolescent athletes and emphasize the role of organized youth sports as a socialization context.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

On‐ and off‐field antisocial and prosocial behavior in adolescent soccer players: A multilevel study

Rutten

Deković

Stams

et al. 2007

Journal of Adolescence

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“…A number of studies conducted primarily by Bredemeier and her colleagues (e.g., Bredemeier & Shields, 1984, 1986a, 1986bBredemeier, Weiss, Shields, & Cooper, 1986, 1987 have examined the relationship between sport participation and various aspects of morality, namely moral reasoning, aggressive tendencies, and judgments about the legitimacy of intentionally injurious sport acts. The bulk of this work has focused on medium and high contact sports, as these sports have the inherent potential for injury and therefore directly raise moral issues (Bredemeier & Shields, 1986a).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Participation in Sport and Moral Functioning: Does Ego Orientation Mediate Their Relationship?

Kavussanu

Ntoumanis

2003

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

117

103

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This study examined whether participation in contact sports influences moral functioning within the sport context, and whether these effects are mediated by ego orientation; the role of task orientation on moral functioning was also examined. Participants (N = 221) were college athletes participating in basketball, soccer, field hockey, and rugby. They completed questionnaires assessing sport participation, goal orientations, moral functioning, and social desirability. Structural equation modeling analysis indicated that participation in contact sports positively predicted ego orientation, which in turn predicted low levels of moral functioning. The direct effects of sport participation on moral functioning became nonsignificant in the presence of ego orientation, indicating that the latter construct mediates the relationship between the first two variables. Task orientation corresponded to high levels of moral functioning. These findings help us further understand the processes operating in contact sports and are discussed in terms of their implications for eliminating unsportspersonlike conduct from the sport context.

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“…The finding that moral atmosphere significantly predicted moral functioning has practical implications due to the fact that sport places decision-making power and moral responsibility largely into the hands of coaches (Bredemeier & Shields, 1986). Similarly, Kavussanu et al (2002) concluded that the results of their study "highlight the importance of the athlete's own team environment on his or her moral functioning and suggest that if we want to eliminate inappropriate action in sport, we need to start intervening at the level of the coach" (p. 363).…”

Section: Role Of Moral Atmospherementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sport represents an interesting context to examine this dynamic because a variety of antisocial behaviors exist in sport (e.g., . Research that has investigated antisocial behaviors among athletes has frequently examined moral atmosphere as a contributing variable , and much of this research has operated from the theoretical framework of bracketed morality (Bredemeier & Shields, 1986). The concept of bracketed morality suggests that sport facilitates a temporary suspension of everyday moral functioning.…”

Section: Contextual Determinants Of Moral Functioning In Sportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, antisocial behaviors on the field (e.g., poor sportspersonship, unethical play, cheating) are aspects of competitive sport that undermines sport's ability to instill desirable values in young student athletes. Within the framework of bracketed morality theory (Bredemeier & Shields, 1986), much attention has been paid to aspects of moral atmosphere in sport in an attempt to better understand what contributes to moral functioning on the fields of play. In addition to the role of moral atmosphere, studies have examined the effects of variables such as social influence or approval (Shields, LaVoi, Bredemeier, & Power, 2007), professionalism (Visek &Watson, 2005), goal orientation (Sage, Kavussanu, & Duda, 2006;Stephens & Kavanagh, 2003), motivational climate (Kavussanu, Roberts, & Ntoumanis, 2002;Miller, Roberts, & Ommundsen, 2005), team leadership and cohesion (Shields, Bredemeier, Gardner, & Bostrom, 1995), and sex differences (Coulomb-Cabagno & Rascle, 2006;Kavussanu, Stamp, Slade, & Ring, 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Masculinity, Moral Atmosphere, and Moral Functioning of High School Football Players

Steinfeldt

Rutkowski

Vaughan

et al. 2011

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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In order to identify factors associated with on-field moral functioning among student athletes within the unique context of football, we examined masculine gender role conflict, moral atmosphere, and athletic identity. Using structural equation modeling to assess survey data from 204 high school football players, results demonstrated that moral atmosphere (i.e., the influence of coaches and teammates) was significantly associated with participants' process of on-field moral functioning across the levels of judgment, intention, and behavior. Neither masculine gender role conflict nor athletic identity significantly predicted moral functioning, but the results indicated that participants' identification with the athlete role significantly predicted conflict with socialized gender roles. Results suggest that in the aggressive and violent sport of football, coaches can have a direct influence on players' moral functioning process. Coaches can also have an indirect effect by influencing all the players so that a culture of ethical play can be cultivated among teammates and spread from the top down.

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Game Reasoning and Interactional Morality

Cited by 99 publications

References 10 publications

On‐ and off‐field antisocial and prosocial behavior in adolescent soccer players: A multilevel study

On‐ and off‐field antisocial and prosocial behavior in adolescent soccer players: A multilevel study

Participation in Sport and Moral Functioning: Does Ego Orientation Mediate Their Relationship?

Masculinity, Moral Atmosphere, and Moral Functioning of High School Football Players

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