“…In most cases, cells move towards the cathode; for example, bovine corneal epithelial cells (Zhao et al, 1996), bovine aortic vascular endothelial cells (Li and Kolega, 2002), human retinal pigment epithelial cells (Sulik et al, 1992), human keratinocytes (Sheridan et al, 1996), amphibian neural crest cells (Cooper and Keller, 1984), C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts (Onuma and Hui, 1985), fish epidermal cells (Cooper and Shliwa, 1986) and metastatic rat prostate cancer cells . However, some cell types move towards the anode; for example, human granulocytes (Rapp et al, 1988), rabbit corneal endothelial cells (Chang et al, 1996), human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Zhao et al, 2004) and metastatic human breast cancer cells (Fraser et al, 2002). Although human dermal melanocytes were recently reported to be insensitive to an external dcEF of 100 mV/mm (Grahn et al, 2003), this might have been due to these cells having a higher threshold (Onuma and Hui, 1988).…”