Galvanical Coupling for Data Transmission through the Human Body

Wegmueller, Marc Simon; Oberle, Michael; Felber, N.; Kuster, Niels; Fichtner, W.

doi:10.1109/imtc.2006.328197

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…For safety purposes, in our experiment we have used electrical stimulation square type electrodes with dimensions of 40 mm × 40 mm. For simplicity, the impedance of the electrode was omitted in the later calculation as the measured impedance of the stimulating electrode excluding the tissue is about 40 Ω, which is much lower than the human limb impedance of around several hundred Ohms [26]. The input signal was biphasic waveform with limitation of peak value 1 mA in order to comply with the safety standard [27] during in vivo experiments.…”

Section: Transfer Function Of Galvanic-type Ibcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Channel Characteristics for Galvanic-Type Intra-Body Communication Based on a Transfer Function from a Quasi-Static Field Model

Chen

Mak

Pun

et al. 2012

Sensors

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Intra-Body Communication (IBC), which modulates ionic currents over the human body as the communication medium, offers a low power and reliable signal transmission method for information exchange across the body. This paper first briefly reviews the quasi-static electromagnetic (EM) field modeling for a galvanic-type IBC human limb operating below 1 MHz and obtains the corresponding transfer function with correction factor using minimum mean square error (MMSE) technique. Then, the IBC channel characteristics are studied through the comparison between theoretical calculations via this transfer function and experimental measurements in both frequency domain and time domain. High pass characteristics are obtained in the channel gain analysis versus different transmission distances. In addition, harmonic distortions are analyzed in both baseband and passband transmissions for square input waves. The experimental results are consistent with the calculation results from the transfer function with correction factor. Furthermore, we also explore both theoretical and simulation results for the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of several common modulation schemes in the IBC system with a carrier frequency of 500 kHz. It is found that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the simulation results.

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Section: Transfer Function Of Galvanic-type Ibcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Channel Characteristics for Galvanic-Type Intra-Body Communication Based on a Transfer Function from a Quasi-Static Field Model

Chen

Mak

Pun

et al. 2012

Sensors

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“…In contrast, the transceivers in newer systems use wide bandwidth to increase data rate, and avoid using a large ground plane by stabilizing the received signal with an electrooptic sensor or by enhancing Manuscript the receiver sensitivity [5], [6]. There are also other approaches to send a modulated current by using two electrodes at the transmitter and induce voltage differences around it with no consideration of the external ground [7]. Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Human Body Characteristics as a Signal Transmission Medium for Intrabody Communication

Cho

Yoo

Song

et al. 2007

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

325

173

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“…Body-channel communication can be divided into roughly three groups: a) Galvanic coupling: The concept of galvanic coupling is to induce alternating current into the human body. It was first proposed for intra-body communication in [36], [37] and it works by differentially applying a signal over two electrodes at the transmitter which will induce a current into the body. Both transmitter and receiver each have two electrodes that are coupled to the human body as shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Background On Intra-body and On-body Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Device Pairing at the Touch of an Electrode

Roeschlin

Martinovic

Rasmussen

2018

Proceedings 2018 Network and Distributed System Security Symposium

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Abstract-Device pairing is the problem of having two devices securely establish a key that can be used to secure subsequent communication. The problem arises every time two devices that do not already share a secret need to bootstrap a secure communication channel. Many solutions exist, all suited to different situations, and all with their own strengths and weaknesses.In this paper, we propose a novel approach to device pairing that applies whenever a user wants to pair two devises that can be physically touched at the same time. The pairing process is easy to perform, even for novice users. A central problem for a device (Alice) running a device pairing protocol, is determining whether the other party (Bob) is in fact the device that we are supposed to establish a key with. Our scheme is based on the idea that two devices can perform device pairing, if they are physically held by the same person (at the same time). In order to pair two devices, a person touches a conductive surface on each device. While the person is in contact with both devices, the human body acts as a transmission medium for intra-body communication and the two devices can communicate through the body. This body channel is used as part of a pairing protocol which allows the devices to agree on a mutual secret and, at the same time, extract physical features to verify that they are being held by the same person. We prove that our device pairing protocol is secure in our threat model and we build a proof of concept set-up and conduct experiments with 15 people to verify the idea in practice.

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Galvanical Coupling for Data Transmission through the Human Body

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Study of Channel Characteristics for Galvanic-Type Intra-Body Communication Based on a Transfer Function from a Quasi-Static Field Model

Study of Channel Characteristics for Galvanic-Type Intra-Body Communication Based on a Transfer Function from a Quasi-Static Field Model

The Human Body Characteristics as a Signal Transmission Medium for Intrabody Communication

Device Pairing at the Touch of an Electrode

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