Study of Channel Characteristics for Galvanic-Type Intra-Body Communication Based on a Transfer Function from a Quasi-Static Field Model

Chen, Xi Mei; Mak, Peng Un; Pun, Sio Hang; Gao, Yingming; Lam, Chan‐Tong; Vai, Mang I; Du, Min

doi:10.3390/s121216433

Cited by 35 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…With galvanic coupling only short transmission distances are possible due to the high attenuation of the signal [4], [26]. In addition, the frequency ranges where galvanic coupling operates best are lower than for other techniques, which significantly restricts the data rate for communication [7]. b) Usability and electrode design: Capacitive coupling only requires one electrode per device to be in physical touch with the human body, i.e., the person pairing the devices only needs to touch one electrode with each hand.…”

Section: Our Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Device Pairing at the Touch of an Electrode

Roeschlin

Martinovic

Rasmussen

2018

Proceedings 2018 Network and Distributed System Security Symposium

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Abstract-Device pairing is the problem of having two devices securely establish a key that can be used to secure subsequent communication. The problem arises every time two devices that do not already share a secret need to bootstrap a secure communication channel. Many solutions exist, all suited to different situations, and all with their own strengths and weaknesses.In this paper, we propose a novel approach to device pairing that applies whenever a user wants to pair two devises that can be physically touched at the same time. The pairing process is easy to perform, even for novice users. A central problem for a device (Alice) running a device pairing protocol, is determining whether the other party (Bob) is in fact the device that we are supposed to establish a key with. Our scheme is based on the idea that two devices can perform device pairing, if they are physically held by the same person (at the same time). In order to pair two devices, a person touches a conductive surface on each device. While the person is in contact with both devices, the human body acts as a transmission medium for intra-body communication and the two devices can communicate through the body. This body channel is used as part of a pairing protocol which allows the devices to agree on a mutual secret and, at the same time, extract physical features to verify that they are being held by the same person. We prove that our device pairing protocol is secure in our threat model and we build a proof of concept set-up and conduct experiments with 15 people to verify the idea in practice.

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Section: Our Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Device Pairing at the Touch of an Electrode

Roeschlin

Martinovic

Rasmussen

2018

Proceedings 2018 Network and Distributed System Security Symposium

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“…This audio communication system used IBC technology and had the advantages of low power consumption, high confidentiality, and less body damage. Xi Mei Chen et al [18] studied the IBC channel characteristics through a comparison between theoretical calculations via transfer functions and experimental measurements in both the frequency domain and the time domain. In [18], Lysis versus different transmission distances.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Channel modeling and power consumption analysis for galvanic coupling intra-body communication

Gao

Vai³

et al. 2016

J Wireless Com Network

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Intra-body communication (IBC), using the human body as the channel to transmit data, has lower power consumption, less radiation, and easier linking than common wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, and ANT + . As a result, IBC is greatly suitable for body area network (BAN) applications, such as the medical and health care field. Furthermore, IBC can be implemented in wearable devices, including smart watches, sports bracelets, somatic game devices, and multimedia devices. However, due to the limited battery capacity of sensor nodes in a BAN, especially implanted sensor nodes, it is not convenient to charge or change the batteries. Thus, the energy effectiveness of the media access control (MAC) layer strongly affects the life span of the nodes and of the entire system. Certainly, analyzing MAC layer performance in a galvanic coupling IBC is of great importance for the overall system. To obtain the attenuation properties of IBC, in vivo experiments with seven volunteers were performed. Meanwhile, an equalizer was used to compensate the frequency distortion in consideration of frequency-selective fading characteristics of intra-body channels. In addition, a comparison of the bit error rates (BER) of different modulation methods was carried out to obtain the best modulation method. Then, the attenuation characteristics of intra-body channels were applied in a multi-node physiological signal monitor and transmission system. Finally, TDMA and CSMA/CA protocols were introduced to calculate the bit energy consumption of IBC in the practical scenario. With stable characteristics of the intra-body channels, QPSK with an equalizer had a better performance than the tests without an equalizer. As a result, the modulation method of FSK could achieve a lower BER in lower signal-to-noise ratio situations and an FSK method with TDMA for the IBC had the lowest energy consumption under different practical scenarios.

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“…The electrodes with materials safety for human body are also recommended, such as carbon/graphite electrodes [57,59]. The Pt electrodes were used in [39], since Pt electrode is commonly used for signal stimulation [88].…”

Section: Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Table 3, the other channel characteristics such as phase, linearity of channel, and noise in channel are little discussed. From the recent investigation, the phase in galvanic coupling HBC channel follows a decreased trend [45,58], while the noise in the channel is assumed to be mainly from electronic components [41] and electrode-skin interface [59], which are assumed to follow the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) property. The transmission parameters, which are either for testing conditions of experiments or specifications (i.e.…”

Section: Channel Characteristics and Transmission Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higher gain in trunk and back [54] High-pass profile [45] High-pass profile [59] Decrease [45] Linear channel [59] AWGN [41,59,92] Dynamic body behavior Not sensitive in sitting & waling [54] Increase as joint flexion [56] Joints and biceps muscle have a great effect [57] Decrease trend [57] Not sensitive by movement [57] Non AWGN [57] transmission power) were adopted to achieve different data rates. For capacitive coupling HBC, narrowband modulation on-off keying (OOK) and wideband signaling direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) were examined in [17].…”

Section: Static Body Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Review on Human Body Communication: Signal Propagation Model, Communication Performance, and Experimental Issues

Zhao

Chen²,

Liang

et al. 2017

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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Human body communication (HBC), which uses the human body tissue as the transmission medium to transmit health informatics, serves as a promising physical layer solution for the body area network (BAN). The human centric nature of HBC offers an innovative method to transfer the healthcare data, whose transmission requires low interference and reliable data link. Therefore, the deployment of HBC system obtaining good communication performance is required. In this regard, a tutorial review on the important issues related to HBC data transmission such as signal propagation model, channel characteristics, communication performance, and experimental considerations is conducted. In this work, the development of HBC and its first attempts are firstly reviewed. Then a survey on the signal propagation models is introduced. Based on these models, the channel characteristics are summarized; the communication performance and selection of transmission parameters are also investigated. Moreover, the experimental issues, such as electrodes and grounding strategies, are also discussed. Finally, the recommended future studies are provided.

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Study of Channel Characteristics for Galvanic-Type Intra-Body Communication Based on a Transfer Function from a Quasi-Static Field Model

Cited by 35 publications

References 32 publications

Device Pairing at the Touch of an Electrode

Device Pairing at the Touch of an Electrode

Channel modeling and power consumption analysis for galvanic coupling intra-body communication

A Review on Human Body Communication: Signal Propagation Model, Communication Performance, and Experimental Issues

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