Gallic acid prevents 1, 2‐Dimethylhydrazine induced colon inflammation, toxicity, mucin depletion, and goblet cell disintegration

Abstract

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH), an environmental toxicant specifically targets the colon. The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of gallic acid (GA) against colon toxicity induced by DMH in Wistar rats. GA, a phenolic acid has numerous beneficial properties, which include antiviral, antifungal and antioxidant properties which help cells to overcome oxidative stress and balance the redox homeostasis. GA was administered orally at two doses (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 14 days and a single dose (40 mg/kg body weight) of DMH was administered subcutaneously on 14th day. Animals were sacrificed on the 15th day and we could find that GA at both the doses significantly ameliorates DMH-induced increased toxicity markers and also substantially increases the glutathione content level and activities of detoxifying enzymes. It also ameliorates the expression of proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, goblet cell disintegration, and mucin depletion in the colon that was elevated upon administration of DMH. Histological alterations provide further confirmation of the protective role of GA against DMH-induced colon toxicity. The results of this study clearly indicate supplementation of GA is beneficial in ameliorating DMH-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, mucin depletion, and goblet cell disintegration in colon of Wistar rats.

Quercetin ameliorates reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, mucus depletion, goblet disintegration, and tumor multiplicity in colon cancer: Probable role of adenomatous polyposis coli, β‐catenin

“…Visualization was done at 40× magnification by a light microscope (Olympus BX51, Germany). Scoring and quantitative evaluation of all IHC stainings were done by the method described earlier (Shree, Islam, Vafa, Mohammad Afzal, & Sultana, 2020). The primary antibody dilutions used were as follows: anti‐NF‐κB‐p65, i‐NOS, β‐catenin (1:200); anti‐PCNA, COX‐2, BAX (1:100); anti‐cleaved PARP, Bcl‐2, APC (1:100).…”

“…Staining for sialomucin and sulphomucin was carried out by the method described earlier (Shree et al, 2020). Visualization was done at 40× magnification by a light microscope.…”

Protective effect of hesperidin against N,N′‐dimethylhydrazine induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic response in the colon of Wistar rats

“…Tissue sections were placed in 3% acetic acid and then processed for staining in 1% alcian blue for half an hour. After washing slides with distilled water slides were counterstained with neutral red for 5 minutes and dehydrated in alcohol 18 . After mounting, slides were covered with a coverslip and examined using the light microscope.…”

“…HD dose was selected as reported in previous studies 15,16 and DMH dose was based on previous reports available. 17,18 Thirty rats were randomly divided into five groups having six animals per group to decipher potential of HD on DMH triggered oxidative stress, inflammation, goblet cell disintegration and apoptosis.…”

Gallic Acid Protects Lung Cells Against Cyclophosphamide-induced Toxicity via Regulating RAGE/NF-κB/autophagy Signaling

“…GA is a wellknown natural antioxidant of a plant origin as green tea, grapes, and apples. Several literatures reported the wide range of biological activities exerted by GA in different experimental models such as its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects 22,23 . The effect of GA against CYP-induced lung toxicity has never been explored before, thus our study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of GA. From the results, GA mitigated cell death and nuclear condensation induced by CYP in WI-38 cells and improved cell morphology due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, thus attenuating the oxidative damage as reported by the study of Nikbakht et al who showed that GA protects lungs against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis 24 .…”