Galactosylceramide is the major cerebroside of human milk fat globule membrane

Bouhours, Jean-François; Bouhours, Danièle

doi:10.1016/0006-291x(79)91109-4

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Milk contains sphingomyelins, acidic glycosphingolipids or gangliosides, and neutral glycosylceramides (1,13). The amounts of those components are: sphingomyelins, 100-200 µM (47-49); neutral glycosylceramides, 1-20 mg/L (49)(50)(51)(52); and gangliosides, 1-20 mg/L (51)(52)(53). Sphingomyelin is usually classified and reported as a PL, but it is also a sphingolipid.…”

Section: Pl and Complex Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Lipids in human milk

Jensen

1999

Lipids

478

437

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I have reviewed recent (March 1995-December 1997) papers on human milk lipids including many on fatty acid (FA) composition. The effects of maternal diets on the profiles are apparent. However, more data on the composition of milk lipids are needed. It is noteworthy that so few papers on milk FA composition have reported analyses using high-resolution gas-liquid chromatography columns. Two of these were on milk from women in North America. The diets in North America are varied and the number of analyses few. We do not have a reliable data base showing the ranges of biologically important acids. Except for the gangliosides, few new data on the other lipids appeared during this period.

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Section: Pl and Complex Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Lipids in human milk

Jensen

1999

Lipids

478

437

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“…GalCerS is structurally related to the UDP-glucuronyltransferases, enzymes critical to type II biotransformation of xenobiotics and to porphyrin metabolism (Stahl et al, 1994). GalCerS has a limited tissue distribution, and its expression is detected primarily in Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, kidneys, testes, intestine and milk (Bouhours and Bouhours, 1979; Vos et al, 1994). In the central nervous system, GalCer and its subsequent metabolites (sulfatide and GM4) are highly enriched in myelin.…”

Section: Ceramide Glycosylation and Glycosphingolipid-enriched MImentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceramide Glycosylation Catalyzed by Glucosylceramide Synthase and Cancer Drug Resistance

Liu

Hill

2013

Advances in Cancer Research

136

118

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Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), converting ceramide to glucosylceramide, catalyzes the first reaction of ceramide glycosylation in sphingolipid metabolism. This glycosylation by GCS is a critical step regulating the modulation of cellular activities by controlling ceramide and glycosphingolipids (GSLs). An increase of ceramide in response to stresses, such as chemotherapy, drives cells to proliferation arrest and apoptosis or autophagy; however, ceramide glycosylation promptly eliminates ceramide and consequently, these induced processes, thus protecting cancer cells. Furthermore, persistently enhanced ceramide glycosylation can increase GSLs, participating in selecting cancer cells to drug resistance. GCS is overexpressed in diverse drug-resistant cancer cells and in tumors of breast, colon, and leukemia that display poor response to chemotherapy. As ceramide glycosylation by GCS is a rate-limiting step in GSL synthesis, inhibition of GCS sensitizes cancer cells to anticancer drugs and eradicates cancer stem cells. Mechanistic studies indicate that uncoupling ceramide glycosylation can modulate gene expression, decreasing MDR1 through the cSrc/β-catenin pathway and restoring p53 expression via RNA splicing. These studies not only expand our knowledge in understanding how ceramide glycosylation affects cancer cells, but also provide novel therapeutic approaches for targeting refractory tumors.

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“…Glycolipids are composed of a lipid chain of ceramide, a fatty acid linked to a sphingoid base, covalently attached to one or more monosaccharides. Milk glycolipids can be classified as neutral, including galactosylceramide (Galb1-1Cer) and glucosylceramide (Glcb1-1Cer; Bouhours & Bouhours, 1979), or acidic glycosphingolipids (or gangliosides), containing sialic acid (Laegreid et al, 1986). The most abundant gangliosides in human milk are GD3 (Fig.…”

Section: Human Milk Glycolipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of human milk glycoconjugates by infant-associated bifidobacteria: mechanisms and implications

2013

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Human milk is a rich source of nutrients and energy, shaped by mammalian evolution to provide all the nutritive requirements of the newborn. In addition, several molecules in breast milk act as bioactive agents, playing an important role in infant protection and guiding a proper development. While major breast milk nutrients such as lactose, lipids and proteins are readily digested and consumed by the infant, other molecules, such as human milk oligosaccharides and glycosylated proteins and lipids, can escape intestinal digestion and transit through the gastrointestinal tract. In this environment, these molecules guide the composition of the developing infant intestinal microbiota by preventing the colonization of enteric pathogens and providing carbon and nitrogen sources for other colonic commensals. Only a few bacteria, in particular Bifidobacterium species, can gain access to the energetic content of milk as it is displayed in the colon, probably contributing to their predominance in the intestinal microbiota in the first year of life. Bifidobacteria deploy exquisite molecular mechanisms to utilize human milk oligosaccharides, and recent evidence indicates that their activities also target other human milk glycoconjugates. Here, we review advances in our understanding of how these microbes have been shaped by breast milk components and the strategies associated with their consumption of milk glycoconjugates.

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Galactosylceramide is the major cerebroside of human milk fat globule membrane

Cited by 31 publications

References 13 publications

Lipids in human milk

Lipids in human milk

Ceramide Glycosylation Catalyzed by Glucosylceramide Synthase and Cancer Drug Resistance

Consumption of human milk glycoconjugates by infant-associated bifidobacteria: mechanisms and implications

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