Lipids in human milk

Jensen, Robert G.

doi:10.1007/s11745-999-0477-2

Cited by 475 publications

(515 citation statements)

References 170 publications

(137 reference statements)

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“…This higher proportion of MCFAs might be advantageous for the fat and calcium absorption of PT infants (Genzel-Boroviczeny et al, 1997). The amount of C18:2 n6 was found to be slightly larger in the PT group, which was the same for most colostrum samples from developed countries, but lower than that in developing countries (Ogunleyne et al, 1991;Jensen, 1999). On the other hand, the amount of C18:3 n3 was found to be lower, for both groups (0.6% for the FT group and 0.63% for the PT group), than that reported for mothers from developed countries (more than 1%).The levels of both C18:2 n6 and C18:3 n3 reflect their level in the mothers diet.…”

Section: Mother Colostrum Fatty-acid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Owing to the importance of FAs, Genzel-Boroviczeny et al (1997), Beijers and Schaafsma (1996) investigated the change in FA profiles of fullterm and preterm milk. The differences in FA profiles are probably due to immaturity of the mammary gland and not due to a process resulting from evolution to provide necessary nutrients for the preterm infants; premature birth is an abnormal event (Jensen, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatty-acid composition of the colostrum and serum of fullterm and preterm delivering Iraqi mothers

Al-Tamer

Mahmood

2004

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To determine the lipid components of colostrum and the fatty-acid (FA) composition of the colostrum and serum of Iraqi mothers, whether their delivery be fullterm (FT) or preterm (PT). Design: A collection of colostrum and serum samples of FT and PT delivering Iraqi mothers. Setting: Mosul province (in the north of Iraq). Subjects: Colostrum and blood samples were obtained from FT and PT delivering mothers; their gestation periods were 39.2 and 32.7 weeks, respectively (age 20-40 y). Procedures: Colostrum and serum samples were collected from each lactating mother. The nursing period was 3-5 days. The lipid components of colostrum, namely triglycerides (TGs) and cholesterol (C), were determined enzymatically and the phospholipids (PLs) were determined by using a colorimetric method based on the formation of a phosphomolybdate complex. The FA composition of colostrum and serum was determined by capillary gas chromatography. Results: Compared to PT colostrum, FT colostrum exhibited a significant increase in lipid content, viz. TGs (P ¼ 0.022); a significant decrease in medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), viz. C12 and C14 (P ¼ 0.03 and 0.005, respectively); no significant differences in monounsaturated fatty acids and a significant increase in C20:5 n3 and C22:6 n3 (P ¼ 0.001 and 0.05, respectively) and a slight increase in the level of n3/n6. The FA composition of the mother serum was found to mimic that of their colostrum, except for the level of MCFAs which was higher in the colostrum. Conclusions: The lipid content, the percentage of C22:6 n3 (the most important FA) and the level of n3/n6 in PT colostrum were lower than those in FT colostrum. They may be affected by serum lipid and immaturity of the mammary gland. Generally, the level of n3/n6 for both groups (0.09 and 0.08) is lower than that recommended by WHO (0.1) for infants' optimum nutrition. The difference in the level of MCFAs between the mother serum and colostrum reflects their de novo synthesis in the mammary gland. Sponsorship: Supported by Grants from Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Mosul. The analysis of fatty acid-methyl ester samples was performed at the National

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Section: Mother Colostrum Fatty-acid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty-acid composition of the colostrum and serum of fullterm and preterm delivering Iraqi mothers

Al-Tamer

Mahmood

2004

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…Plasma and tissue levels of AA and DHA in infants fed human milk or formulae Human milk contains preformed AA and DHA in levels which oscillate between 0.3-1.0 and 0.1-0.9% of the total fatty acids, respectively (Jensen, 1999). Their contents remain almost constant in very different populations regardless of their ethnic origin and food habits (Koletzko et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant nutrition

2003

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Objective: To review briefly the influence of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) on tissue composition and functionality in early infancy. Moreover, the influences of LC-PUFA sources on plasma composition as well as the effects of these fatty acids on intestinal repair after malnutrition are discussed. Results: Human milk not only supplies essential fatty acids but also contains up to 2% of the total fatty acids as LC-PUFA, of which arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are considered the most important. Plasma and erythrocyte levels of both AA and DHA are decreased in infants fed artificial standard milk formulae. However, the supplementation of formulae with these fatty acids in amounts close to that of human milk leads to tissue LC-PUFA patterns similar to those of breast-fed infants. However, the bioavailability of LC-PUFA depends on the typical LC-PUFA source; egg phospholipids increases both AA and DHA in plasma phospholipids and HDL more than a mixture of tuna and fungal triglycerides. Conclusions: Dietary LC-PUFA affects positively the growth and development of the infant and ameliorates the visual and cognitive functions, particularly in preterm infants. Likewise, LC-PUFA improves intestinal repair in severe protein-energy malnutrition; therefore, its qualitative and quantitative dietary supply should be considered.

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“…The two breast milk composition outcomes were the two log ratios described above. The first step identified a limited set of five prespecified candidate explanatory factors identified from previously published articles (Antonakou et al, 2013; Jensen, 1999; Prentice, Jarjou, Drury, Dewit, & Crawford, 1989): maternal age, height, postnatal body mass index (BMI), education, and age of the infant at breast milk collection (because breast milk samples in Bangladesh were collected between 2–43 days postdelivery). Maternal height and anthropometry were important to test whether breast milk composition could be at least partially responsible for the transmission of linear growth deficits from mother to infant in a cycle of malnutrition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work in lower‐income countries has been more limited, particularly in the Indian subcontinent, and there is a dearth of well‐powered studies investigating the epidemiological factors that affect the composition of breast milk and hence potentially, the development and health of the infant. In populations with food insecurity, breast milk fat content may be suboptimal (Jensen, 1999; Brown, Akhtar, Robertson, & Ahmed, 1986), but the variables and mechanisms affecting breast milk fatty acid (FA) composition are not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of maternal and socioeconomic factors on breast milk fatty acid composition in urban, low‐income families

Nayak

Kanungo

Zhang

et al. 2017

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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The lipid composition of breast milk may have a significant impact on early infant growth and cognitive development. Comprehensive breast milk data is lacking from low‐income populations in the Indian subcontinent impeding assessment of deficiencies and limiting development of maternal nutritional interventions. A single breast milk specimen was collected within 6 weeks postpartum from two low‐income maternal cohorts of exclusively breastfed infants, from Dhaka, Bangladesh (n = 683) and Kolkata, India (n = 372) and assayed for percentage composition of 26 fatty acids. Mature milk (>15 days) in Dhaka (n = 99) compared to Kolkata (n = 372) was higher in total saturated fatty acid (SFA; mean 48% vs. 44%) and disproportionately lower in ω3‐polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), hence the ω6‐ and ω3‐PUFA ratio in Dhaka were almost double the value in Kolkata. In both sites, after adjusting for days of lactation, increased maternal education was associated with decreased SFA and PUFA, and increasing birth order or total pregnancies was associated with decreasing ω6‐PUFA or ω3‐PUFA by a factor of 0.95 for each birth and pregnancy. In Dhaka, household prosperity was associated with decreased SFA and PUFA and increased ω6‐ and ω3‐PUFA. Maternal height was associated with increased SFA and PUFA in Kolkata (1% increase per 1 cm), but body mass index showed no independent association with either ratio in either cohort. In summary, the socioeconomic factors of maternal education and household prosperity were associated with breast milk composition, although prosperity may only be important in higher cost of living communities. Associated maternal biological factors were height and infant birth order, but not adiposity. Further study is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these effects.

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Lipids in human milk

Cited by 475 publications

References 170 publications

Fatty-acid composition of the colostrum and serum of fullterm and preterm delivering Iraqi mothers

Fatty-acid composition of the colostrum and serum of fullterm and preterm delivering Iraqi mothers

Role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant nutrition

Influence of maternal and socioeconomic factors on breast milk fatty acid composition in urban, low‐income families

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