GABA- and glycine-like immunoreactivities in the cerebellum of the frog

Reichenberger, I.; Streit, P.; Ottersen, Ole Petter; Dieringer, N.

doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90178-n

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Even though bullfrog tadpoles can live as independent aquatic organisms for up to 2 years, the pattern of label in their cerebellar nuclei differs from that seen in adult dogfish (Scyliohinus canicula) and skate (Raja nasuta), where the cerebellar nuclei show little GABAergic innervation [Nicholson et al, 1994;Alvarez-Otero et al, 1996]. In adult bullfrogs, our observations are consistent with those reported in adult R. esculenta [Franzoni and Morino, 1989] and R. temporaria [Reichenberger et al, 1993].…”

Section: Non-auditory Areassupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The results we obtained were consistent using both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and using two different processing techniques (fluorescence and DAB). In addition, the patterns of staining we observed in both larval and adult Rana catesbeiana are generally consistent with those reported in larvae and adults of other anuran species [Roberts et al, 1987;Antal, 1991;Reichenberger et al, 1993Reichenberger et al, , 1997Rybicka and Udin, 1994;Muñoz et al, 1995;Endepols et al, 2000], and are consistent (at least in some brainstem areas) with data on developing and adult mammalian auditory systems (see below). These consistencies argue for the reliability of our experimental techniques.…”

Section: Technical Considerationssupporting

confidence: 76%

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Metamorphic Changes in GABA Immunoreactivity in the Brainstem of the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

Simmons

Chapman²

2002

Brain Behav Evol

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We examined immunoreactivity for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in auditory and vestibular brainstem nuclei of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, across metamorphosis, a developmental period featuring significant anatomical and functional remodeling of the nervous system. In the early larval period, GABA-immunoreactive cell somata were visible in the vestibular nucleus complex and the torus semicircularis, as well as in the spinal cord, cerebellum and optic tectum. Fiber bundles such as the medial longitudinal fasciculus and the lemnsical pathways also exhibited intense label at these early stages. In contrast, only diffuse neuropil label was visible in the dorsolateral nucleus and the superior olivary nucleus at the same stages. This diffuse immunoreactivity became progressively more reduced over larval development, and stained somata were visible in these medullary nuclei by metamorphic climax stages. In the torus semicircularis, the numbers of labeled somata in both the developing laminar and principal nuclei increased over metamorphic development, and became progressively more organized into distinct layers. The adult pattern of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the auditory brainstem was reached by metamorphic climax stages, coincident with the maturation of the opercularis system, and preceding the final development of the external tympanum and the tympanic conduction pathway. The relatively earlier maturation of vestibular, compared to auditory, areas in the medulla might reflect the behavioral importance of vestibular-mediated motor reactions during tadpole life. The distribution of GABA in auditory brainstem nuclei in both developing and adult frogs is comparable to that observed in mammals and birds.

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Section: Non-auditory Areassupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Technical Considerationssupporting

confidence: 76%

Metamorphic Changes in GABA Immunoreactivity in the Brainstem of the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

Simmons

Chapman²

2002

Brain Behav Evol

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“…Immunoreactive staining of cells in the bullfrog cerebellum was similar to that in R. temporaria [Reichenberger et al, 1993]. In both ranids, as well as Xenopus, the Purkinje cell bodies and part of their primary dendrites were distinctly labeled.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Distribution of GABA-Like Immunoreactive Cell Bodies in the Brains of Two Amphibians, Rana catesbeiana and Xenopus laevis

Hollis

Boyd²

2005

Brain Behav Evol

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The distribution of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is not well understood for non-mammalian vertebrates. We thus used immunocytochemistry to locate putative GABAergic cells in the brains of male bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). GABA-immunoreactive cell bodies were broadly distributed throughout the brains of both species with similar general patterns. In both, the greatest numbers of GABA-positive cells were found in the olfactory bulb, thalamus, and optic tectum, but virtually no major brain region lacked GABAergic cells. Species differences were also apparent. The density of GABA-immunoreactive cells was substantially higher in many areas of the bullfrog brain, compared to Xenopus. Bullfrogs possessed extensive cell populations in the medial pallium, preoptic area, optic tectum, torus semicircularis and tegmentum but cells were fewer in these locations in Xenopus. In the bullfrog hindbrain, GABA-immunoreactive cell bodies were restricted to very narrow and distinct populations. In Xenopus, however, cells in a similar position were fewer and spread more extensively. The distribution of GABA cells in the brain of these two species supports the hypotheses that GABA is involved in control of olfaction, audition, vision and vocalization. However, differences in the distribution of GABA between the bullfrog and Xenopus suggest that the extent of the GABAergic influence might vary between species.

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“…Abducens motoneurons and internuclear neurons are inhibited by uncrossed, glycinergic vestibular neurons in frog as well as in cat (Straka and Dieringer, 1993;Spencer et al, 1989). Evidence for an inhibitory, GABAergic cerebellar Purkinje cell input to the vestibular nuclear complex as reported in mammals (see Ito, 1984;Ottersen and Storm-Mathisen, 1984a) was also found in frogs (Dieringer and Precht, 1979;Reichenberger et al, 1993). With respect to commissural inhibition between bilateral canal-related vestibular neurons as described in the cat (Shimazu and Precht, 1966), studies in the frog have yielded different results.…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

Distribution of GABA, glycine, and glutamate immunoreactivities in the vestibular nuclear complex of the frog

Reichenberger¹,

Straka²,

Ottersen

et al. 1997

J. Comp. Neurol.

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This study describes the localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and glutamate immunoreactive neurons, fibers, and terminal-like structures in the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) of the frog by using a postembedding procedure with consecutive semithin sections at the light microscopic level. For purposes of this study, the VNC was divided into a medial and lateral region. Immunoreactive cells were observed in all parts of the VNC. GABA-positive neurons, generally small in size, were predominantly located in the medial part of the VNC. Glycine-positive cells, more heterogeneous in size than GABA-positive cells, were scattered throughout the VNC. A quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of GABA glycine immunoreactive cells revealed a complementary relation between the density of GABA and glycine immunoreactive neurons along the rostrocaudal extent of the VNC. In about 10% of the immunolabeled neurons, GABA and glycine were colocalized. Almost all vestibular neurons were, to a variable degree, glutamate immunoreactive, and colocalization of glutamate with GABA and/or glycine was typical. GABA, glycine, or glutamate immunoreactive puncta were found in close contact to somata and main dendrites of vestibular neurons. A quantitative analysis revealed a predominance of glutamate-positive terminal-like structures compared to glycine or GABA containing profiles. A small proportion of terminal-like structures expressed colocalization of GABA and glycine or glycine and glutamate. The results are compared with data from mammals and discussed in relation to vestibuloocular and vestibulo-spinal projection neurons, and vestibular interneurons. GABA and glycine are the major inhibitory transmitters of these neurons in frogs as well as in mammals. The differential distribution of GABA and glycine might reflect a compartmentalization of neurons that is preserved to some extent from the early embryogenetic segmentation of the hindbrain.

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GABA- and glycine-like immunoreactivities in the cerebellum of the frog

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

Metamorphic Changes in GABA Immunoreactivity in the Brainstem of the Bullfrog, <i>Rana catesbeiana</i>

Metamorphic Changes in GABA Immunoreactivity in the Brainstem of the Bullfrog, <i>Rana catesbeiana</i>

Distribution of GABA-Like Immunoreactive Cell Bodies in the Brains of Two Amphibians, <i>Rana catesbeiana</i> and <i>Xenopus laevis</i>

Distribution of GABA, glycine, and glutamate immunoreactivities in the vestibular nuclear complex of the frog

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