“…These receptors control a large variety of key biological functions ranging from development, neurotransmission, secretion from endocrine and exocrine glands, inflammatory responses, blood pressure control, hemostasis, and cardiac function to name but a few (Dorsam and Gutkind, 2007; Pierce et al, 2002). GPCRs can also control fate decisions of stem cell progenitors during development (Knox et al, 2010; Kobayashi et al, 2010), and normal and tumor cell growth (Dorsam and Gutkind, 2007; Pierce et al, 2002; Rozengurt, 2007). Indeed, many potent mitogens including polypeptides (i.e., gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), endothelin, bradykinin, and angiotensin II), proteolytic enzymes (i.e., thrombin), chemokines (i.e., SDF-1), lipid mediators (i.e., prostaglandins, lysophospatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)), and neurotransmitters (i.e., acetylcholine and noradrenaline), can promote cell proliferation by activating their cognate G protein-linked receptors in a variety of cells types (reviewed in (Dorsam and Gutkind, 2007; Rozengurt, 2007).…”