Future Observations for Monitoring Global Ocean Heat Content

Palmer,; Antonov, John I.; Barker, Paul M.; Bindoff, Nathaniel L.; Boyer, Tim; Carson, Mark; Domingues, CM; Gille, Sarah T.; Gleckler, P. J.; Good, Simon; Gouretski,; Guinehut,; Haines, Keith; Harrison, D.E.; Ishii, Masayoshi; Johnson, GC; Levitus, Sydney; Lozier,; Lyman, JM; Meijers, AJ; Schuckmann, Karina von; Smith, Doug; Wijffels, S. A.; Willis, Josh

doi:10.5270/oceanobs09.cwp.68

Cited by 55 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Similar to previous studies (Lyman et al 2010;Palmer et al 2010;Abraham et al 2013), ORA time series of OHC change for the 0-700 m vary in a number of aspects, including: interannual variations; the estimated response to the (Fig. 8).…”

Section: Time Series Of Ohc Changementioning

confidence: 55%

“…Prior to the inception of the Argo array profiling floats in the early 2000s, reasonable ocean coverage is only afforded for the upper few hundred meters since the late 1960s (Roemmich et al 2012;Lyman and Johnson 2014). As a result, many of the historical estimates of OHC variability and change have been limited to the upper 700 m or so (Lyman et al 2010;Palmer et al 2010;Abraham et al 2013). In addition, the upper layers of the ocean are widely regarded to be the primary source of predictability for seasonal forecast systems, for example for initializing the tropical Pacific for ENSO forecasts (Xue et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One way to evaluate this uncertainty is using the spread of different reanalysis products that use ostensibly the same raw information, but different methodologies, to evaluate the same variable of interest. Previous studies have used similar 'ensembles of opportunity' to characterize the uncertainty in upper ocean heat content derived from statistical analyses (Lyman et al 2010;Palmer et al 2010;Abraham et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses

et al. 2015

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regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans where the interannual variability of the ensemble mean exceeds ensemble spread, indicating that OHC variations are well-constrained by the available observations over the period [1993][1994][1995][1996][1997][1998][1999][2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009]. At deeper levels, the ORAs are less well-constrained by observations with the largest differences across the ensemble mostly associated with areas of high eddy kinetic energy, such as the Southern Ocean and boundary current regions. Spatial patterns of OHC change for the period 1997-2009 show good agreement in the upper 300 m and are characterized by a strong dipole pattern in the Pacific Ocean. There is less agreement in the patterns of change at deeper levels, potentially linked to differences in the representation of ocean dynamics, such as water mass formation processes. However, the Atlantic and Southern Oceans Abstract Accurate knowledge of the location and magnitude of ocean heat content (OHC) variability and change is essential for understanding the processes that govern decadal variations in surface temperature, quantifying changes in the planetary energy budget, and developing constraints on the transient climate response to external forcings. We present an overview of the temporal and spatial characteristics of OHC variability and change as represented by an ensemble of dynamical and statistical ocean reanalyses (ORAs). Spatial maps of the 0-300 m layer show large This paper is a contribution to the special issue on Ocean estimation from an ensemble of global ocean reanalyses, consisting of papers from the Ocean Reanalyses Intercomparsion Project (ORAIP), coordinated by CLIVAR-GSOP and GODAE OceanView. The special issue also contains specific studies using single reanalysis systems. The current work emphasizes the need to better observe the deep ocean, both for providing observational constraints for future ocean state estimation efforts and also to develop improved models and data assimilation methods.

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Section: Time Series Of Ohc Changementioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses

et al. 2015

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“…Abyssal trends are apparent, especially in the Southern Ocean region, but these would be missed in most of the current in situ observations. Repeat observations from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and CLIVAR indicate that some areas in the Southern Oceans have warmed significantly between 700 and 3000 m [52], as have many regions below 3000 m [53], so it is not clear that the current ocean state estimates are constrained well enough at depth. In general, the deep ocean can be expected to grow in importance with the time-scale of interest, so it is important for documentation and study of climate trends as well as for longer-term climate prediction that the observing system below 2000 m is improved.…”

Section: Figure 4 the Number Of Global Temperature Observations Per mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes are not restricted to the upper ocean ( Fig. 5 and also the discussion in [52] and [53]). Abyssal trends are apparent, especially in the Southern Ocean region, but these would be missed in most of the current in situ observations.…”

Section: Figure 4 the Number Of Global Temperature Observations Per mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Assimilation Systems - Essential Adjuncts to the Global Ocean Observing System

Rienecker

Awaji

Balmaseda

et al. 2010

Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society

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Interventions for dysphagia in long-term, progressive muscle disease

Jones

Pitceathly

Rose

et al. 2016

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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There is insufficient and low-quality RCT evidence to determine the effect of interventions for dysphagia in long-term, progressive muscle disease. Clinically relevant effects of intravenous immunoglobulin for dysphagia in inclusion body myositis can neither be confirmed or excluded using the evidence presented in this review. Standardised, validated, and reliable outcome measures are needed to assess dysphagia and any possible treatment effect. Clinically meaningful outcomes for dysphagia may require a shift in focus from measures of impairment to disability associated with oral feeding difficulties.

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Future Observations for Monitoring Global Ocean Heat Content

Cited by 55 publications

References 68 publications

Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses

Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses

Synthesis and Assimilation Systems - Essential Adjuncts to the Global Ocean Observing System

Interventions for dysphagia in long-term, progressive muscle disease

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