Future Directions And Research Needs For Source Zone Remediation

In Situ Thermal Remediation for Source Areas: Technology Advances and a Review of the Market From 1988–2020

“…As previously mentioned, in the late 2000s a comprehensive review of ISTR technologies was completed by Jennifer Triplett Kingston during her PhD work at Arizona State University (Triplett Kingston 2008). This work was also published elsewhere (Johnson et al 2009; Triplett Kingston et al 2010; Kueper et al 2014) and involved research and interviews with the major thermal vendors at the time (as well as other key regulators and practitioners), ultimately identifying 182 pilot and full‐scale projects completed between 1998 and 2007. Data collected (where provided) included design parameters (area, depth to treatment zone, thickness of treatment zone, target chemicals of concern, treatment area and depth, density of energy delivery, spacing of delivery points); operating parameters (target temperature, temperature achieved, heating duration); and performance measures (pre‐and post implementation monitoring data).…”

“…With at least 643 installations over the past 31 years, ISTR has consistently proven itself to be a reliable and aggressive source zone treatment technology that is capable of successfully achieving a high degree of mass removal in a relatively short duration (e.g., Triplett Kingston et al 2010; Kueper et al 2014; Baker et al 2016). ISTR has proven to be effective, and in many cases preferred, for surgically treating high‐mass NAPL source zones in heterogeneous and lower‐permeability settings as the subsurface properties that govern heat propagation are more uniform than the intrinsic permeabilities controlling the effectiveness of many other extraction or fluid‐delivery based technologies (USEPA 2014).…”

“…The thermophysical properties that drive the volatilization, distillation, stripping, desorption, dissolution, and/or viscous mobilization of organic contaminants at elevated temperature have been well-documented in the literature (e.g., USACE 2009; Kueper et al 2014). How they are considered in ISTR design, however, has continued to evolve.…”