In Situ Thermal Remediation for Source Areas: Technology Advances and a Review of the Market From 1988–2020

Horst, John; Munholland, Jonah; Hegele, Paul R.; Klemmer, Mark; Gattenby, Jessica

doi:10.1111/gwmr.12424

Cited by 16 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 60 publications

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“…One of the most common ISTR technologies for treating chlorinated solvent source zones is thermal conduction heating (TCH) (Horst et al 2021). TCH can be implemented using smaller diameter borings (heater casing diameter of 2 to 3 in.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Practice Worldwide: Complex Installation for In Situ Thermal Remediation Beneath an Active Manufacturing Facility

Heron,

Thomas,

Crownover

et al. 2023

Groundwater Monitoring Rem

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In situ thermal remediation (ISTR) was used to treat a vadose‐zone source of trichloroethylene present at depths of 60 to 125 ft. below an occupied building at an active manufacturing facility. ISTR required innovative methods to install 135 steel casings from inside the building that included access limitations, space constraints that required angled borings and pre‐modeling of rig mast positions, control measures to manage exhaust from up to four drill rigs operating simultaneously, adjustments to heater wiring to limit temperatures in shallow soils leading to indoor air heating and potential for vapor intrusion, and ensure proper positioning and trajectory of closely spaced heaters. The installed heater casings were surveyed using a Devi‐Flex™ tool to monitor heater placement in casings that ranged from 87 to 196 ft. at angles between 90° and 30° from horizontal and periodically had to compensate for deflections caused by cobbles and boulders. Additional casings were installed to ensure adequate heater spacings in cases where deviations exceeded design parameters. ISTR was conducted using custom‐built thermal conduction heaters designed to minimize heat output in the shallow vadose zone and inside the building while temperatures in the lower vadose zone were maintained near boiling. Cables, vapor extraction pipes, and exhaust ducts were routed overhead and through the building roof to minimize disturbance to manufacturing operations. To expedite remediation, three groups of heaters and vapor recovery wells were installed and operated in overlapping periods. The major challenges and solutions for ISTR design, construction, and operation are presented. Operations and remedial results are covered in a companion paper.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Practice Worldwide: Complex Installation for In Situ Thermal Remediation Beneath an Active Manufacturing Facility

Heron,

Thomas,

Crownover

et al. 2023

Groundwater Monitoring Rem

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Advances in Low-Temperature Thermal Remediation

Munholland,

Rosso,

Randhawa

et al. 2023

Advances in the Characterisation and Remediation of Sites Contaminated With Petroleum Hydrocarbons

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Remediation through traditional high-temperature thermal techniques (over 100 °C) are designed to remove contaminants like petroleum hydrocarbons via enhanced mobilization and volatilization. However, remedies of this nature can require significant infrastructure, capital, operational and maintenance costs, along with high energy demands and carbon footprints. Conversely, low-temperature thermal approaches (in the mesophilic range of ~15–40 °C) are an inexpensive and more sustainable method that can enhance the physical, biological, and chemical processes to remove contaminants. Heat transfer properties of subsurface sediments and other geological materials do not vary considerably and are relatively independent of grain size, unlike hydraulic properties that can vary several orders of magnitude within a site and often limit the pace of remediation of many in-situ technologies. Therefore, low-temperature thermal remediation is a promising alternative that can remediate contaminant mass present in both high- and low-permeability settings, including fractured rock. Emergence of risk-based non-aqueous phase liquid management approaches and sustainable best management practices further offer a platform for low-temperature thermal remedies to advance petroleum hydrocarbon remediation with lower capital and operational costs. Case studies demonstrating this approach along with preliminary sustainability comparisons of the associated reduced energy use and carbon footprint are described in this chapter.

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Combination of steam-enhanced extraction and electrical resistance heating for efficient remediation of perchloroethylene-contaminated soil: Coupling merits and energy consumption

Yao

Chen

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

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In Situ Thermal Remediation for Source Areas: Technology Advances and a Review of the Market From 1988–2020

Cited by 16 publications

References 60 publications

State of the Practice Worldwide: Complex Installation for In Situ Thermal Remediation Beneath an Active Manufacturing Facility

State of the Practice Worldwide: Complex Installation for In Situ Thermal Remediation Beneath an Active Manufacturing Facility

Advances in Low-Temperature Thermal Remediation

Combination of steam-enhanced extraction and electrical resistance heating for efficient remediation of perchloroethylene-contaminated soil: Coupling merits and energy consumption

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