Further Observations Upon Typhoid Carriers.

Davies, D. S.; Hall, I. Walker; Emrys-Roberts, E.; Fletcher, James J.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)57964-7

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…There exist two categories of chronic S. Typhi carriers who are of special interest. These include chronic carriers who continue to shed S. Typhi in stool, despite undergoing cholecystectomy (Fig 1A ), and chronic carriers who persistently shed S. Typhi in their urine rather than in their stools (Table 1) [13,18,19,[21][22][23]26,31,49,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]. In both instances, the literature suggests a structural/inflammatory abnormality (e.g., gallstone, Fig 1A ; or kidney stone, bladder stone, Fig 1B ) versus the presence of a coinfection that provides a nidus for chronic carriage (Fig 1C).…”

Section: Chronic S Typhi Carriage Outside the Gallbladdermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the late 19th and early to mid-20th centuries, many reports described patients with chronic urinary excretion of S. Typhi, in some cases with detectable bacteria in their urine for many years [21,23,24,26,27,49,[54][55][56][57]60,72]. Progression to a chronic urinary carrier state is usually associated with a lesion or focus of inflammation in the kidney or urine collecting system (e.g., renal or bladder stone).…”

Section: Chronic Urinary Carriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic Salmonella Typhi carriage at sites other than the gallbladder

2023

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Typhoid fever caused by infection with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi), an important public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries, is transmitted by ingestion of water or food contaminated by feces or urine from individuals with acute or chronic S. Typhi infection. Most chronic S. Typhi carriers (shedding for ≥12 months) harbor infection in their gallbladder wherein preexisting pathologies, particularly cholelithiasis, provide an environment that fosters persistence. Much less appreciated is the existence of non-gallbladder hepatobiliary chronic S. Typhi carriers and urinary carriers. The former includes parasitic liver flukes as a chronic carriage risk factor. Chronic urinary carriers typically have pathology of their urinary tract, with or without renal or bladder stones. Even as the prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant S. Typhi strains is rising, global implementation of highly effective typhoid vaccines is increasing. There is also renewed interest in identifying, monitoring, and (where possible) treating chronic carriers who comprise the long-term reservoir of S. Typhi.

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