“…There exist two categories of chronic S. Typhi carriers who are of special interest. These include chronic carriers who continue to shed S. Typhi in stool, despite undergoing cholecystectomy (Fig 1A ), and chronic carriers who persistently shed S. Typhi in their urine rather than in their stools (Table 1) [13,18,19,[21][22][23]26,31,49,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]. In both instances, the literature suggests a structural/inflammatory abnormality (e.g., gallstone, Fig 1A ; or kidney stone, bladder stone, Fig 1B ) versus the presence of a coinfection that provides a nidus for chronic carriage (Fig 1C).…”