Fungicide resistance of Botrytis cinerea from strawberry to procymidone and zoxamide in Hubei, China

Abstract

Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most destructive diseases of strawberry in China. For resistance monitoring, 198 B. cinerea isolates were collected from strawberry greenhouses at 10 locations in Hubei Province. The isolates were screened for resistance to fungicides procymidone and zoxamide. In mycelium growth assays for procymidone, the mean values of effective concentration at which mycelium growth is inhibited by 50% (EC 50) for sensitive (Pro S) and resistant (Pro R) isolates were 0.25 μg/mL and 2.21 μg/mL, respectively. The frequency of Pro R isolates was 14%, and the highest frequency (48%) was observed in Yichang. Positive cross-resistance was detected for Pro R isolates to other dicarboximide fungicides, but not to phenylpyrroles. Comparative analysis of fitness parameters revealed increased osmotic sensitivity of Pro R isolates compared to Pro S ones. Sequence analysis of the dicarboximide target gene BcOs1 revealed that Pro R isolates carried either a single point mutation at codon 365 (I365S) or a pair of point mutations (Q369P and N373S). The mean EC 50 values for zoxamide sensitive (Zox S) and resistant (Zox R) isolates were 0.31 μg/mL and 7.76 μg/mL, respectively. Only six (3%) isolates from three locations were found to be resistant to zoxamide. All Zox R isolates were found resistant to carbendazim. Fitness parameters did not show significant difference between Zox R and Zox S isolates. Sequence analysis of the beta-tubulin gene in resistant isolates revealed four previously reported point mutations (E198A, E198K, F200Y and T351I). The mutation T351I was detected only in the isolates possessing E198K point mutation. Mutation F200Y was detected in a highly resistant isolate. Results of this study will be helpful for the management of fungicide resistance in B. cinerea.

Cytological and Gene Profile Expression Analysis Reveals Modification in Metabolic Pathways and Catalytic Activities Induce Resistance in Botrytis cinerea Against Iprodione Isolated From Tomato

“…All strains were sensitive to iprodione from 0.07 to 0.87 µ g/mL with an average of 0.47 µ g/mL. These results are similar to B. cinerea collected from strawberry, a procymidone and zoxamide sensitive strain from Hubei province having EC50 value of 0.25 µg/mL and 0.360 µg/mL, respectively [22]. No 100% sensitive strain was discovered in our collected samples because iprodione is a site specific fungicide with high efficacy, less toxicity and lower application rate.…”

“…The point mutation in the two components of histidine kinase genes (Bcos1) responsible for resistance to iprodione has been identified in B. cinerea isolated from strawberry fruit [ 21 ]. Substitution at codon I365 was dominant to cause resistance against iprodione among various strains of B. cinerea [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. BcNoxA and BcNoxB catalytic subunits are responsible for pathogenicity and the formation of spores, which provide a favorable environment to fungal sclerotic to survive under adverse environmental conditions [ 25 ].…”

Solution Structure, Dynamics, and New Antifungal Aspects of the Cysteine-Rich Miniprotein PAFC

“…So far, infection control was managed by chemical fungicides [ 56 ], which, in itself, proves to be a problem due to residues in tomato fruits and the risk of toxicity for consumers [ 57 , 58 ]. Additionally, recent evidence showed that B. cinerea has already acquired resistance to many of the commonly used fungicides [ 59 ]. Apart from the effective reduction of tomato plant leaf destruction by mold-induced necrosis in the presence of PAFC, we also proved the tolerance of tomato leaves and M. truncatula seedlings to PAFC treatment.…”

Resistance profiles of Botrytis cinerea populations to several fungicide classes on greenhouse tomato and strawberry in Lebanon

“…Loss of effectiveness of MBCs caused by the build‐up of resistance over the last 50 years has been noticed worldwide. In general, resistant isolates possess a high resistance (HR) phenotype (Adnan et al ., 2019), which is associated with several point mutations in the β‐tubulin target gene (Fan et al ., 2016; Adnan et al ., 2019). Furthermore, they are as fit as wild‐type isolates (Leroux, 2004) and often remain dominant in a population even in the absence of sprays for several years (De Miccolis Angelini et al ., 2014).…”

“…The current study demonstrated that resistance to DCs is diffuse in the country on both crops and confirmed that mutations in the BcOs1 target gene are most predominant at codon 365, with most DC‐resistant isolates showing a low level of resistance (LR; Oshima et al ., 2006). The double mutation Q369P and N373S in the BcOs1 gene, which was recovered in only three resistant isolates in our study, has always been associated with isolates with a moderate level of resistance (MR; Oshima et al ., 2006), although recently low‐resistant (LR) phenotypes in China possessed this pair of SNPs (Adnan et al ., 2019).…”