Resistance profiles of Botrytis cinerea populations to several fungicide classes on greenhouse tomato and strawberry in Lebanon

Abstract

Tomato and strawberry are the most important protected crops in Lebanon and are seriously affected by grey mould disease, caused by Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, the fungicide sensitivity assays revealed medium to high frequencies of B. cinerea isolates resistant to benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, and anilinopyrimidines on tomato and strawberry. Fludioxonil‐ and boscalid‐resistant mutants were uncommonly found at generally low frequency on both crops. Resistance to fenhexamid was detected in only one site on tomato but in most sites on strawberry with high frequencies, and the occurrence of resistance to QoI fungicides was ascertained on both crops. The majority of the tested isolates (>90%) exhibited multiple fungicide resistance, and isolates resistant to the seven antibotrydial fungicide classes were detected on strawberry in three locations. A high level of resistance was shown by B. cinerea mutants resistant to boscalid, fenhexamid, and QoI fungicides, while two levels of moderate and high resistance to anilinopyrimidines were identified. Genetic analysis revealed point mutations in the target genes commonly associated with resistance in B. cinerea isolates, with all mutants resistant to dicarboximides, fenhexamid, boscalid, and QoI fungicides carrying single‐nucleotide polymorphims in BcOS1 (I365S/N, Q369P, and N373S), Erg27 (F412V/I), SdhB (H272R/Y), and cytb (G143A) genes, respectively. The general incorrect use of fungicides has caused the development and spread of fungicide resistance as a widespread phenomenon on protected tomato and strawberry in Lebanon. The implementation of appropriate antiresistance strategies is highly recommended.

Plant Growth Promotion and Plant Disease Suppression Induced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain GD4a

“…This fungal disease can strike at different stages of plant growth, targeting mature or senescent tissues, pre-harvest crops, or young seedlings [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Its widespread impact leads to substantial economic losses in both field and greenhouse cultivation [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Recent studies have unveiled the potential of Bacillus bacteria in managing gray mold disease.…”

Preliminary Study of Resistance Mechanism of Botrytis cinerea to SYAUP-CN-26

“…Until now, multiple applications of fungicides, such as benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, anilinopyrimidine, and quinone outside inhibitors, have remained the only effective approaches to control this disease due to the absence of resistant varieties to this pathogen. However, the persistent use of these fungicides has developed and increased multiple resistances in B. cinerea , leading to the failure to control gray mold [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Therefore, developing novel fungicides with unique structures and mechanisms for controlling resistant strains has become highly necessary.…”