Fungicide-induced transposon movement in Monilinia fructicola

Chen, Fengping; Everhart, Sydney E.; Bryson, Patricia K.; Luo, Chaoxi; Song, Xi; Liu, Xili; Schnabel, Guido

doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2015.10.006

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…For instance, a similar experiment conducted on Monilinia fructicola resulted in more TE movement ( Mfc1 ) in isolates exposed to azoxystrobin than DMI fungicides, with no such TE movement observed in non-exposed controls [9]. This type of mutagen-specific mutation is not unexpected based on previous research in animal genetics that have shown mutagens yield both random (non-informative) and canonical mutations that are specific to the mutagen [53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The authors concluded both chemical composition of ITC and adaptation on the host plant influenced the number of mutations in vitro . In a similar experiment, continuous exposure to sublethal doses of a demethylation inhibitor (DMI; SYP-Z048) and a quinone outside inhibitor (QoI; azoxystrobin) fungicide were tested individually and in mixture treatments on Monilinia fructicola mycelium of four isolates [9,10]. Mutagenesis was assessed using 15 microsatellite (SSR) loci and transposition of Mftc1 , a multicopy transposable element in M .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Sublethal Fungicides on Mutation Rates and Genomic Variation in Fungal Plant Pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Amaradasa

Everhart

2016

PLoS ONE

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Pathogen exposure to sublethal doses of fungicides may result in mutations that may represent an important and largely overlooked mechanism of introducing new genetic variation into strictly clonal populations, including acquisition of fungicide resistance. We tested this hypothesis using the clonal plant pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Nine susceptible isolates were exposed independently to five commercial fungicides with different modes of action: boscalid (respiration inhibitor), iprodione (unclear mode of action), thiophanate methyl (inhibition of microtubulin synthesis) and azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin (quinone outside inhibitors). Mycelium of each isolate was inoculated onto a fungicide gradient and sub-cultured from the 50–100% inhibition zone for 12 generations and experiment repeated. Mutational changes were assessed for all isolates at six neutral microsatellite (SSR) loci and for a subset of isolates using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). SSR analysis showed 12 of 85 fungicide-exposed isolates had a total of 127 stepwise mutations with 42 insertions and 85 deletions. Most stepwise deletions were in iprodione- and azoxystrobin-exposed isolates (n = 40/85 each). Estimated mutation rates were 1.7 to 60-fold higher for mutated loci compared to that expected under neutral conditions. AFLP genotyping of 33 isolates (16 non-exposed control and 17 fungicide exposed) generated 602 polymorphic alleles. Cluster analysis with principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) identified fungicide-exposed isolates as a distinct group from non-exposed control isolates (PhiPT = 0.15, P = 0.001). Dendrograms based on neighbor-joining also supported allelic variation associated with fungicide-exposure. Fungicide sensitivity of isolates measured throughout both experiments did not show consistent trends. For example, eight isolates exposed to boscalid had higher EC50 values at the end of the experiment, and when repeated, only one isolate had higher EC50 while most isolates showed no difference. Results of this support the hypothesis that sublethal fungicide stress increases mutation rates in a largely clonal plant pathogen under in vitro conditions. Collectively, this work will aid our understanding how non-lethal fungicide exposure may affect genomic variation, which may be an important mechanism of novel trait emergence, adaptation, and evolution for clonal organisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Sublethal Fungicides on Mutation Rates and Genomic Variation in Fungal Plant Pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Amaradasa

Everhart

2016

PLoS ONE

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“…To determine whether gene regions were more stable than SSR loci under fungicide‐induced oxidative stress, seven‐locus SSR multilocus genotypes and mrr1 , DHFR and MfCYP01 sequences were obtained for isolates before and after exposure to oxidative fungicide stress using DNA provided from a previous study . Genotyped in the present study were two progenitor isolates and the two corresponding progeny isolates that had observable SSR mutations after sublethal fungicide exposure in vitro . These isolates were sequenced in the present study at the gene regions mrr1 , DHFR and MfCYP01 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study showed that ISSR loci in the plant pathogen Alternaria alternata changed when exposed in vitro to isothiocyanates used for disease control . In M. fructicola , a recent study investigated the effect of in vitro sublethal fungicide exposure on SSR loci . Isolates were grown on a gradient of the fungicide azoxystrobin (Abound Flowable; Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC) and serially transferred from the 50–100% inhibition zone once a week for a total of 12 weeks, where each transfer was considered a generation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel gene‐sequence markers for isolate tracking within Monilinia fructicola lesions

Dowling

Schnabel

Boatwright

et al. 2017

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND Monilinia fructicola is a diverse pathogen of pome and stone fruits that causes severe economic losses each year. However, little is known about inoculum flow within or between orchards and pathogen establishment in an orchard, because few methods exist for detecting diversity or tracking isolates over time. SSR loci are an effective option, but may be confounded by a high degree of mutability and potential sensitivity to abiotic stress. RESULTS Through transcriptome analysis, we identified novel markers mrr1, DHFR and MfCYP01 and validated stability of these markers under fungicide stress in natural infection sites. Nucleotide variation within mrr1, DHFR and MfCYP01 sequences differentiated isolates at all spatial scales: within the same infection site, between trees and between two farms. Sequenced regions were also effective for matching isolates collected from blossoms at the beginning of the season to progeny in cankers obtained at the end of the season. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, results show that mrr1, DHFR and MfCYP01 are able to accurately differentiate M. fructicola isolates at the population level, can be used to track isolates over time, and are more stable than SSRs under external stresses. Either by themselves or combined with SSR markers, these gene‐encoding regions are a much‐needed tool for better understanding M. fructicola population dynamics. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…Chen and colleagues observed increased mobilization of the transposable element Mftc1 in M. 625 fructicola after in vitro exposure to sub-lethal fungicide concentrations, although not affecting 626 fungicide sensitivity (Chen et al, 2015). 627…”

Section: Tritici 599mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity of theMFS1promoter leads to multi drug resistance in the wheat pathogenZymoseptoria tritici

Omrane

Audéon

Ignace

et al. 2017

Preprint

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14The ascomycete Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of septoria leaf blotch on wheat. 15Disease control relies mainly on resistant wheat cultivars and on fungicide applications. The 16 fungus displays a high potential to circumvent both methods. Resistance against all unisite 17 fungicides has been observed over decades. A different type of resistance has emerged among 18 wild populations with multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. Active fungicide efflux through 19 overexpression of the major-facilitator gene, MFS1, explains this emerging resistance 20 mechanism. In this study, we identified as responsible mutations three types of inserts in the 21 MFS1 promoter, two of which harboring potential transcription factor binding sites. We show, 22 that type I insertion leads to MFS1 overexpression and consequently to MDR. Interestingly, 23 all three inserts correspond to repeated elements of the Z. tritici genome. 24These results underline the plasticity of repeated elements leading to fungicide resistance in Z.

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Fungicide-induced transposon movement in Monilinia fructicola

Cited by 23 publications

References 34 publications

Effects of Sublethal Fungicides on Mutation Rates and Genomic Variation in Fungal Plant Pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Effects of Sublethal Fungicides on Mutation Rates and Genomic Variation in Fungal Plant Pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Novel gene‐sequence markers for isolate tracking within Monilinia fructicola lesions

Plasticity of theMFS1promoter leads to multi drug resistance in the wheat pathogenZymoseptoria tritici

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