Fundamental Study of GPF Performance on Soot and Ash Accumulation over Artemis Urban and Motorway Cycles - Comparison of Engine Bench Results with GPF Durability Study on Road

The particulate matter (PM) emissions of gasoline vehicles were much lower than those of diesel vehicles until the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the early 2000s. At the same time, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines started to become popular in the market due to their improved efficiency over port fuel injection (PFI) ones. However, the PM mass and number emissions of GDI vehicles were higher than their PFI counterparts and diesel ones equipped with DPFs. Stringent PM mass levels and the introduction of particle number limits for GDI vehicles in the European Union (EU) resulted in significant PM reductions. The EU requirement to fulfill the proposed limits on the road resulted to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in EU GDI models. This review summarizes the evolution of PM mass emissions from gasoline vehicles placed in the market from early 1990s until 2019 in different parts of the world. The analysis then extends to total and nonvolatile particle number emissions. Care is given to reveal the impact of ambient temperature on emission levels. The discussion tries to provide scientific input to the following policy-relevant questions. Whether particle number limits should be extended to gasoline PFI vehicles, whether the lower limit of 23 nm for particle number measurements should be decreased to 10 nm, and whether low ambient temperature tests for PM should be included.

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“…Other PM components are S, Fe, Ca, P, and Na [97,98,110,114]. Ash in the engine-out PM is mostly derived from lube oil additives [98,110].…”

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

et al. 2019

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“…Black curves are obtained referring to the gasoline involved in the combustion, whose molecule has an equivalent carbon content of 7.4 atoms (as well as 13.2 H atoms). In this case M w equal to 102 is adopted in equation (17). Experimental data must be reduced via a multiplying factor of 3/7.4.…”

Section: Numerical-experimental Comparison On Pollutant Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To this aim, Methane (CH 4 ) is used, thus ppmC values increase for both the simulations and the experiments. As for the formers, M w of CH 4 has to be used in equation (17). The values must be multiplied by a factor equal to 3.…”

Section: Numerical-experimental Comparison On Pollutant Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of gaseous emissions and soot in 3D-CFD in-cylinder simulations of spark-ignition engines: A methodology to correlate numerical results and experimental data

Berni

Pessina

Paltrinieri

et al. 2022

International Journal of Engine Research

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In order to reduce development costs and time-to market, 1D and 3D CFD tools can support engine design providing reliable estimations of the tailpipe emissions. In particular, 3D-CFD in-cylinder simulations can evaluate formation of both soot and gaseous pollutants inside the combustion chamber. The main issue in such kind of simulations is the validation against experimental findings. In fact, the complexity of the emission measurements does not allow a straightforward one-to-one comparison between numerical and experimental results. Therefore the present paper aims at providing, on the one hand, a robust numerical framework for both gaseous and solid emissions, on the other hand a dedicated post-processing for a fair comparison between simulations and experiments. From a numerical standpoint, a simplified approach is dedicated to gaseous emissions, while a more detailed one is reserved to soot modeling. The latter is based on the Sectional Method, whose reaction rates are tabulated following 0D chemical kinetic simulations of a purposely designed surrogate in a constant pressure reactor. Simulations and experiments proposed in the present analysis are referred to a high-performance turbocharged direct-injection spark-ignition engine operated at part-load and low rpms. On equal performance, revving speed and mean mixture quality, different injection timings are investigated. The developed numerical approach and post-processing ensure a good agreement between simulations and experiments.

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“…Recent work has shown that GPFs are effective at controlling PN and PM emissions from GDI vehicles [32,122]. Studies have also shown that the use of catalyzed GPFs can reduce PN as well as secondary organic aerosol formation [123] and can also improve conversion efficiencies for CO and NO x emissions under real-world conditions [124].…”

Section: Basic Research Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review and Perspective on Particulate Matter Indices Linking Fuel Composition to Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Engines

Leach¹,

Chapman²,

Jetter³

et al. 2021

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

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Particulate matter (PM) indices-those linking PM emissions from gasoline engines to the composition and properties of the fuel-have been a topic of significant study over the last decade. It has long been known that fuel composition has a significant impact on particulate emissions from gasoline engines. Since gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines have become the market-leading technology, this has become more significant because the evaporative behavior of fuel increases in importance. Several PM indices have been developed to provide metrics describing this behavior and correlating PM emissions. In this article, 16 different PM indices are identified and collected-to the authors' knowledge, all of the indices are available at the time of writing. The indices are reviewed and discussed in the context of the information required to calculate them, as well as their utility. The authors believe that there is a need for indices that provide both a detailed and robust correlation, as well as those that are less sophisticated yet sufficient for specific use cases. Future research is suggested to guide the technical community toward improvements in the indices' methods and equations for both high and low fidelity and high and low time investment.

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Fundamental Study of GPF Performance on Soot and Ash Accumulation over Artemis Urban and Motorway Cycles - Comparison of Engine Bench Results with GPF Durability Study on Road

Cited by 17 publications

References 11 publications

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

Modeling of gaseous emissions and soot in 3D-CFD in-cylinder simulations of spark-ignition engines: A methodology to correlate numerical results and experimental data

A Review and Perspective on Particulate Matter Indices Linking Fuel Composition to Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Engines

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