Fundamental Concepts of Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties, and Their Applications

Bashir, Shahid; Hina, Maryam; Iqbal, Javed; Rajpar, Altaf Hussain; Mujtaba, M.A.; Alghamdi, Noweir Ahmad; Wageh, S.; Ramesh, K.

doi:10.3390/polym12112702

Cited by 387 publications

(307 citation statements)

References 221 publications

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“…Various factors such as the type of cross-linking process (physical or chemical) must be considered along with the relevant conditions of temperature, pH, concentration, functional group, solvent, and cross-linker composition. A crosslinked aerogel polymer can be built by simple mixing, solution casting, free radical polymerization, ultraviolet (UV) and gamma ray irradiation, bulk polymerization, or interpenetration [ 74 ]. To improve the physicochemical properties of the polysaccharides, the availability of the functional groups should be increased.…”

Section: Preparation Of Porous Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Polysaccharide Aerogels: Their Synthesis, Application, and Future Outlook

Muhammad¹,

Lee²,

Shin³

et al. 2021

Polymers

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Porous polysaccharides have recently attracted attention due to their porosity, abundance, and excellent properties such as sustainability and biocompatibility, thereby resulting in their numerous applications. Recent years have seen a rise in the number of studies on the utilization of polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitosan, chitin, and starch as aerogels due to their unique performance for the fabrication of porous structures. The present review explores recent progress in porous polysaccharides, particularly cellulose and chitosan, including their synthesis, application, and future outlook. Since the synthetic process is an important aspect of aerogel formation, particularly during the drying step, the process is reviewed in some detail, and a comparison is drawn between the supercritical CO2 and freeze drying processes in order to understand the aerogel formation of porous polysaccharides. Finally, the current applications of polysaccharide aerogels in drug delivery, wastewater, wound dressing, and air filtration are explored, and the limitations and outlook of the porous aerogels are discussed with respect to their future commercialization.

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Section: Preparation Of Porous Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Polysaccharide Aerogels: Their Synthesis, Application, and Future Outlook

Muhammad¹,

Lee²,

Shin³

et al. 2021

Polymers

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“…Hydrogels ( Figure S1A ) have widespread applications in many fields such as biomaterials, drug delivery, tissue engineering, soft robotics, soft electronics and sensors [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Hydrogels can be classified in a number of ways, according to their source, composition, and properties [ 10 ]. The polymer source is either natural or synthetic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating the Molecular Mechanisms for the Interaction of Water with Polyethylene Glycol-Based Hydrogels: Influence of Ionic Strength and Gel Network Structure

2021

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The interaction of water within synthetic and natural hydrogel systems is of fundamental importance in biomaterial science. A systematic study is presented on the swelling behavior and states of water for a polyethylene glycol-diacrylate (PEGDA)-based model neutral hydrogel system that goes beyond previous studies reported in the literature. Hydrogels with different network structures are crosslinked and swollen in different combinations of water and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Network variables, polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular weight (MW), and weight fraction are positively correlated with swelling ratio, while “non-freezable bound water” content decreases with PEG MW. The presence of ions has the greatest influence on equilibrium water and “freezable” and “non-freezable” water, with all hydrogel formulations showing a decreased swelling ratio and increased bound water as ionic strength increases. Similarly, the number of “non-freezable bound water” molecules, calculated from DSC data, is greatest—up to six molecules per PEG repeat unit—for gels swollen in PBS. Fundamentally, the balance of osmotic pressure and non-covalent bonding is a major factor within the molecular structure of the hydrogel system. The proposed model explains the dynamic interaction of water within hydrogels in an osmotic environment. This study will point toward a better understanding of the molecular nature of the water interface in hydrogels.

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“…Among all the most efficient described strategies, hydrogels have been considered as excellent candidates for effective antibacterial applications. Hydrogels are a class of soft polymeric materials that have been playing a significant role in numerous fields since they first came to light in the mid-20th century [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Briefly, hydrogels are a hydrophilic three-dimensionally crosslinked polymeric network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Briefly, hydrogels are a hydrophilic three-dimensionally crosslinked polymeric network. They are obtained through gelation, a process that occurs when water-soluble monomeric units and polymeric chains physically or chemically crosslink together to form a non-soluble 3D porous structure [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. One of their main characteristics is their ability to retain a substantial amount of water in their swollen state because of hydrophilic entities such as hydroxyl, amino, ether or carboxylic groups in their polymeric chains while being insoluble in water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Light and Hydrogels: A New Generation of Antimicrobial Materials

Pierau

Versace

2021

Materials

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Nosocomial diseases are becoming a scourge in hospitals worldwide, and new multidrug-resistant microorganisms are appearing at the forefront, significantly increasing the number of deaths. Innovative solutions must emerge to prevent the imminent health crisis risk, and antibacterial hydrogels are one of them. In addition to this, for the past ten years, photochemistry has become an appealing green process attracting continuous attention from scientists in the scope of sustainable development, as it exhibits many advantages over other methods used in polymer chemistry. Therefore, the combination of antimicrobial hydrogels and light has become a matter of course to design innovative antimicrobial materials. In the present review, we focus on the use of photochemistry to highlight two categories of hydrogels: (a) antibacterial hydrogels synthesized via a free-radical photochemical crosslinking process and (b) chemical hydrogels with light-triggered antibacterial properties. Numerous examples of these new types of hydrogels are described, and some notions of photochemistry are introduced.

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Fundamental Concepts of Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties, and Their Applications

Cited by 387 publications

References 221 publications

Recent Progress in Polysaccharide Aerogels: Their Synthesis, Application, and Future Outlook

Recent Progress in Polysaccharide Aerogels: Their Synthesis, Application, and Future Outlook

Elucidating the Molecular Mechanisms for the Interaction of Water with Polyethylene Glycol-Based Hydrogels: Influence of Ionic Strength and Gel Network Structure

Light and Hydrogels: A New Generation of Antimicrobial Materials

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