Fundamental and Operational Glass Transition Temperatures of Composite Resins and Adhesives

Carter, HG; Kibler, KG; Reynolds, JD

doi:10.1520/stp34859s

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Therefore, several models have been proposed to describe the water uptake behavior of materials. The most common model is the Fick's law, [33][34][35][36][37] but the Langmuir model [38][39][40][41][42] and variations of the Fick's law, such as the dual Fick's law [43][44][45] are also common.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Moisture Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the effect of moisture and contamination on the interfacial properties of adhesive joints

Borges

Marques

Carbas

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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Adhesives play an important role in many key industrial sectors, such as the automotive industry, enabling the construction of lightweight, multi-material structures, combining polymers, composites and metals. However, adhesives are usually polymeric materials, which can be affected by environmental and working conditions, such as moisture and contamination. Although moisture and contamination degrade the adhesive, the failure of a bonded joint is often ultimately interfacial. Therefore, a literature review on the influence of those factors on the interfacial properties of adhesive joints is performed to understand the phenomena that take part in the degradation on adhesive joints when subjected to humid and contaminated environments, which can oftentimes be the case in factory conditions, especially for parts from third-party suppliers. The mechanisms and effects of moisture aging and contamination are presented, as well as experimental testing methods and practical case studies. It is concluded that both moisture and other contaminants may lead to a reduction in joint strength and catastrophic adhesive failure. Moisture absorption can occur through the adhesive, but in an adhesive joint, it can additionally occur through the substrate, the interface between the adhesive and the substrate or in the cracks and pores of the adhesive. After water ingresses into the adhesive, it decreases its mechanical properties and plasticizes it. However, in an adhesive joint, the water diffusion occurs much faster than in bulk adhesive due to the complementary diffusion paths, which typically leads to adhesive failure at the adhesive/substrate interface. Additionally, in an adhesive joint, water may induce the hydrolysis of the substrates or have other chemical interactions with them. Contaminants can diffuse through the joint or remain at the adhesive/ substrate interface. When they diffuse through the joint, they have consequences similar to those of water sorption. However, when they remain at the interface, they can produce locally debonded areas, which may lead to joint failure.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Moisture Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the effect of moisture and contamination on the interfacial properties of adhesive joints

Borges

Marques

Carbas

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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show abstract

“…The Langmuir model has proven to be able to successfully model adhesives that do not follow Fick's laws. 44,46,47 Adhesive-adherend interface. Water can also penetrate in the adhesive layer through the interface between adhesive and adherend.…”

Section: Moisture Degradation Water Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Langmuir model has proven to be able to successfully model adhesives that do not follow Fick's laws. 44,46,47…”

Section: Moisture Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the temperature and moisture degradation of adhesive joints

Viana

Costa

Banea

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L:

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Despite offering very attractive advantages over traditional joining methods, one of the setbacks of adhesive bonding is its long-term strength in aggressive environments, such as environments with high moisture and extreme temperatures. With the rise of new lightweight materials and their recent use in everyday vehicles, transportation industries have been very interested in determining the long-term behavior of adhesive joints. The aim is to build durable, lighter vehicles, which consume less energy and emit less pollution. The two main factors that affect the strength of vehicle adhesive joints are exposure to moist environments and high and low temperatures. There are some works concerning the effect of these two factors separately and some predictive models have been developed, which help the engineer to design reliable, safe, and efficient adhesive joints. However, the combined effect of temperature and moisture is not yet totally understood. This paper presents a review on the temperature and moisture degradation of adhesive joints.

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“…The influence of water absorption and the surrounding environment on the properties of epoxy matrix composites was discussed by Shen and Springer 18, 19. Several authors20–23 found that the water absorbed by a composite was usually in the liquid form and consists of molecules or groups of molecules linked by hydrogen bonds. In addition to this, the liquid can be absorbed by capillary action along any crack which may be present along the fibre–matrix interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorption and diffusion of water into melamine–formaldehyde‐incorporated poly(vinyl acetate)–polyester nonwoven fabric composites

Kumar

Siddaramaiah²

2006

Polymer International

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A series of composites were fabricated by impregnating a polyester nonwoven fabric with melamine–formol (MF)‐incorporated poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) latex. The effect of different weight ratios of MF/PVAc, i.e. 0/100, 5/100, 10, 100, 15/100 and 20/100 (dry, wt/wt), on the water sorption and diffusion into the composites was evaluated. Water sorption studies were carried out at different temperatures, i.e. 30, 50 and 70 °C, based on the immersion weight gain method. From the sorption results, the diffusion (D) and permeation (P) coefficients of water penetrant were calculated. A significant increase in the diffusion and permeation coefficients was observed with an increase in the temperature of sorption. Drastic reductions in diffusion and permeation coefficients were noticed with increasing MF content in the composites. Attempts were made to estimate the empirical parameters like n, which suggests the mode of transport, and K, a constant which depends on the structural characteristics of the composite in addition to its interaction with water. The temperature dependence of the transport coefficients was used to estimate the activation energy parameters for diffusion (ED) and permeation (Ep) processes from Arrhenius plots. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

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Fundamental and Operational Glass Transition Temperatures of Composite Resins and Adhesives

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

Review on the effect of moisture and contamination on the interfacial properties of adhesive joints

Review on the effect of moisture and contamination on the interfacial properties of adhesive joints

A review on the temperature and moisture degradation of adhesive joints

Sorption and diffusion of water into melamine–formaldehyde‐incorporated poly(vinyl acetate)–polyester nonwoven fabric composites

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