Functions of mixed emulsifiers and emulsifying waxes in dermatological lotions and creams

Eccleston, Gillian M.

doi:10.1016/s0927-7757(96)03846-0

Cited by 122 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…9,10 It consists of a cationic quaternary surfactant ͓behenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride ͑BTAC͔͒ and a fatty alcohol ͓1-octadecanol͔ at a molar ratio of 1:3 in water with different total surfactant concentrations c s . Electron and light microscopy reveal a disordered system.…”

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confidence: 99%

Swelling and shrinking kinetics of a lamellar gel phase

Fairhurst¹,

Baker²,

Shaw³

et al. 2008

Applied Physics Letters

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We investigate the swelling and shrinking of L ␤ lamellar gel phases composed of surfactant and fatty alcohol after contact with aqueous poly͑ethyleneglycol͒ solutions. The height change ⌬h͑t͒ is diffusionlike with a swelling coefficient S: ⌬h = S ͱ t. On increasing polymer concentration, we observe sequentially slower swelling, absence of swelling, and finally shrinking of the lamellar phase. This behavior is summarized in a nonequilibrium diagram and the composition dependence of S quantitatively described by a generic model. We find a diffusion coefficient, the only free parameter, consistent with previous measurements. © 2008 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.2913762͔In everyday life and many industrial processes, materials swell by absorption of solvent, e.g., washing powder, 1 foodstuff, 2 diapers, 3 eyeballs, 4 and clay. 5 Conversely, if the solvent flow is reversed materials shrink, as for a hypertonic cell with a lower solute concentration than its environment. Model systems are often preferred for study. Swelling rates of L ␣ surfactant lamellar phases are observed to change when the chemical potential difference between lamellar phase and contacting solution is varied through polymer addition. 6 Artificial liposomes can be swollen or shrunk using glycerol solutions 7 and hard sphere colloidal suspensions shrink when contacted with high concentration polymer solutions. 8 Here, we quantitatively investigate the swelling and shrinking behavior of a complex surfactant system, namely an L ␤ lamellar gel phase, as used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The volume change is initiated by contact with aqueous polymer solution. Our observations are in quantitative agreement with a generic model, which we expect to be applicable to a large variety of situations.The lamellar phase is prepared following an industrial procedure. 9,10 It consists of a cationic quaternary surfactant ͓behenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride ͑BTAC͔͒ and a fatty alcohol ͓1-octadecanol͔ at a molar ratio of 1:3 in water with different total surfactant concentrations c s . Electron and light microscopy reveal a disordered system. Numerous stacks of bilayers form an open structure with small pockets of water and excess fatty alcohol. 10 While the sample is prepared at elevated temperature T, the experiments are performed at T = 25°C, which is below the chain melting temperature ͑about 78°C͒. Approximately 0.5 g of this L ␤ lamellar gel phase is pipetted into a 2 cm 3 cylindrical glass cell and centrifuged for 1 min at 2500 rpm to ensure that the entire highly viscous sample is at the bottom of the cell with a smooth upper surface. Within a range of lamellar masses ͑0.45-1.25 g͒ no systematic change in behavior was observed within the ϳ12% experimental uncertainty. The experiment is started by adding 1.5 g of water or polymer solution on top of the lamellar phase. The use of polymer ͓poly͑ethyleneglycol͒, PEG-10000 with molar mass from 8500 to 11500 g / mol and an average radius of gyration of about 3 nm͔ allows us to vary the diffe...

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confidence: 99%

Swelling and shrinking kinetics of a lamellar gel phase

Fairhurst¹,

Baker²,

Shaw³

et al. 2008

Applied Physics Letters

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“…Although, creams are usually emulsions of the oil-in-water type (aqueous creams) or water-in-oil type (oily creams), lotions are mostly oil-in-water emulsions [25]. Regarding to the phase of disease, lotions and creams are generally recommended in acute and subacute dermatoses.…”

Section: Formulations Of Tcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corticosteroids for Skin Delivery: Challenges and New Formulation Opportunities

Şenyiğit¹,

Özer²

2012

Glucocorticoids - New Recognition of Our Familiar Friend

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“…As consumers become more aware and concerned about the impact of the food they eat and the substances they commonly use on their health and general wellbeing, there is a growing interest in designer lipids. Among the lipid classes, surfactants, such as monoacylglycerols (monoglycerides, MAG), are desired by the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and chemical industries [2][3][4][5]. Production of tailor-made designer MAG with targeted fatty acids therefore offers promising industrial opportunities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of mono-, di-, and triglycerides from waste fatty acids through esterification with glycerol

Mostafa¹,

Maher²,

Abdelmoez³

2013

ABB

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Currently monoglyceride and diglyceride are representing important products, as they have numerous applications such as modifying agents in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the production of these economically value added compounds by estrifying the fatty acids with the glycerol is presented. Effects of various reaction parameters were optimized to obtain high yield of mono, di-and triglycerids. The effects of temperature (180˚C to 260˚C), ZnCl 2 catalyst concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%), glycerol to fatty acids molar ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1), agitation speeds (200, 500, 1000 rpm), type of reaction system (opened and closed) and type of fatty acids including oleic and palmatic acids on esterification efficiency of fatty acids were investigated. The optimum conditions of esterification reaction were at temperature 195˚C, molar ratio 1:1, amount of catalyst 0.3% Zncl 2 , and agitation 500 rpm. Analysis of yield showed that at the optimum conditions mondi and triglycerids were produced in high purity, up to 99%. Infrared spectroscopy IR and thin layer chromatograph TLC proved that the final product contains mono, di-and triglycerides.

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Functions of mixed emulsifiers and emulsifying waxes in dermatological lotions and creams

Cited by 122 publications

References 35 publications

Swelling and shrinking kinetics of a lamellar gel phase

Swelling and shrinking kinetics of a lamellar gel phase

Corticosteroids for Skin Delivery: Challenges and New Formulation Opportunities

Production of mono-, di-, and triglycerides from waste fatty acids through esterification with glycerol

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