Functions of Circular RNA in Human Diseases and Illnesses

Abstract

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent single-stranded RNA species that contain covalently closed 3′ and 5′ ends that provide them more stability than linear RNA, which has free ends. Emerging evidence indicates that circRNAs perform essential functions in many DNA viruses, including coronaviruses, Epstein–Barr viruses, cytomegalovirus, and Kaposi sarcoma viruses. Recent studies have confirmed that circRNAs are present in viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses, and play various important functions such as evading host immune response, disease pathogenesis, protein translation, miRNA sponges, regulating cell proliferation, and virus replication. Studies have confirmed that circRNAs can be biological signatures or pathological markers for autoimmune diseases, neurological diseases, and cancers. However, our understanding of circRNAs in DNA and RNA viruses is still limited, and functional evaluation of viral and host circRNAs is essential to completely understand their biological functions. In the present review, we describe the metabolism and cellular roles of circRNA, including its roles in various diseases and viral and cellular circRNA functions. Circular RNAs are found to interact with RNA, proteins, and DNA, and thus can modulate cellular processes, including translation, transcription, splicing, and other functions. Circular RNAs interfere with various signaling pathways and take part in vital functions in various biological, physiological, cellular, and pathophysiological processes. We also summarize recent evidence demonstrating cellular and viral circRNA’s roles in DNA and RNA viruses in this growing field of research.

Exploring the theranostic potentials of miRNA and epigenetic networks in autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review

“…They act as noninvasive biomarkers and consequently act along with miRNA for its upregulation and downregulation. Thereby, it affects the progress of the disease synergistically 125 . With the help of further computational analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), scientists have inferred that the mRNA involved in the circRNA‐miRNA network is significantly involved in the secretion of various cytokines, which regulate various inflammatory pathways 126 .…”

“…Thereby, it affects the progress of the disease synergistically. 125 With the help of further computational analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), scientists have inferred that the mRNA involved in the circRNA-miRNA network is significantly involved in the secretion of various cytokines, which regulate various inflammatory pathways. 126 CircRNA acts like miRNA sponges, which contribute to the development of various autoimmune diseases by various biological processes like DNA methylation and regulatory immune responses.…”

Exploring the interplay between PARP1 and circRNA biogenesis and function

“…Li, Zheng, et al, 2017;Li et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2022). Additionally, the dysregulation of circRNA biogenesis and functions have been implicated in many diseases (Gu et al, 2023;Y. Zeng, Zou, et al, 2021).…”

The role of ncRNAs‐mediated pyroptosis in diabetes and its vascular complications

“…For example, miR-21, lnc-KCNQ1OT1, lnc-GAS5, and lnc-MALAT1 were reported in DN and DCM, and lnc-MIAT was identified in DCM and DR. Herein, this review aimed to summarize recent research findings related to ncRNAs-mediated pyroptosis at the onset and progression of diabetes and VCD.diabetes, noncoding RNAs, pyroptosis, vascular complications of diabetes RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate gene expression through various mechanisms, such as miRNA sponges. [9][10][11] Furthermore, they can regulate the activity and interaction between…”

“…diabetes, noncoding RNAs, pyroptosis, vascular complications of diabetes RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate gene expression through various mechanisms, such as miRNA sponges. [9][10][11] Furthermore, they can regulate the activity and interaction between…”