Abstract:The COronaVIrus Disease (COVID-19) is a newly emerging viral disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Rapid increase in the number of COVID-19 cases worldwide led the WHO to declare a pandemic within a few months after the first case of infection. Due to the lack of a prophylactic measure to control the virus infection and spread, early diagnosis and quarantining of infected as well as the asymptomatic individuals are necessary for the containment of this pandemic. Ho… Show more
“…The limit of detection of this sensor for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was 0.7 nM. This electrochemical-based biosensor can be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in nasal, nasopharyngeal swabs, and saliva samples [60].…”
The rapid worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory SARS-CoV-2, has created an urgent need for its diagnosis and treatment. As a result, many researchers have sought to find the most efficient and appropriate methods to detect and treat the SARS-CoV-2 virus over the past few months. Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing is currently used as one of the most reliable methods to detect the new virus; however, this method is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and requires trained laboratory workers. Moreover, despite its high sensitivity and specificity, false negatives are reported, especially in non-nasopharyngeal swab samples that yield lower viral loads. Therefore, designing and employing faster and more reliable methods seems necessary. In recent years, many attempts have been made to fabricate various nanomaterial-based biosensors to detect viruses and bacteria in clinical samples. The use of nanomaterials plays a significant role in improving the performance of biosensors. Plasmonic biosensors, field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) methods are only some of the effective ways to detect viruses. However, to use these biosensors to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, modifications must be performed to increase sensitivity and speed of testing due to the rapidly spreading nature of SARS-CoV-2, which requires an early point of care detection and treatment for pandemic control. Several studies have been carried out to show the nanomaterial-based biosensors' performance and success in detecting the novel virus. The limit of detection, accuracy, selectivity, and detection speed are some vital features that should be considered during the design of the SARS-CoV-2 biosensors. This review summarizes various nanomaterials-based sensor platforms to detect the SARS-CoV-2, and their design, advantages, and limitations.
“…The limit of detection of this sensor for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was 0.7 nM. This electrochemical-based biosensor can be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in nasal, nasopharyngeal swabs, and saliva samples [60].…”
The rapid worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory SARS-CoV-2, has created an urgent need for its diagnosis and treatment. As a result, many researchers have sought to find the most efficient and appropriate methods to detect and treat the SARS-CoV-2 virus over the past few months. Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing is currently used as one of the most reliable methods to detect the new virus; however, this method is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and requires trained laboratory workers. Moreover, despite its high sensitivity and specificity, false negatives are reported, especially in non-nasopharyngeal swab samples that yield lower viral loads. Therefore, designing and employing faster and more reliable methods seems necessary. In recent years, many attempts have been made to fabricate various nanomaterial-based biosensors to detect viruses and bacteria in clinical samples. The use of nanomaterials plays a significant role in improving the performance of biosensors. Plasmonic biosensors, field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) methods are only some of the effective ways to detect viruses. However, to use these biosensors to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, modifications must be performed to increase sensitivity and speed of testing due to the rapidly spreading nature of SARS-CoV-2, which requires an early point of care detection and treatment for pandemic control. Several studies have been carried out to show the nanomaterial-based biosensors' performance and success in detecting the novel virus. The limit of detection, accuracy, selectivity, and detection speed are some vital features that should be considered during the design of the SARS-CoV-2 biosensors. This review summarizes various nanomaterials-based sensor platforms to detect the SARS-CoV-2, and their design, advantages, and limitations.
“…However, the as suggested biosensor required a relatively high analysis time close to 30 min, which should be ameliorated with further research. Figure 7 Voltammogram of: (Ai) S-protein detection and (Aii) P-protein detection [97] ; (Bi) TiO 2 nanotubes functionalized by Co (Co-TNTs), as electrode material for a SARS-CoV-2 biosensor; (Bii) Linear response for concentration range between 14 nM to 1400 nM and a detection response time of ∼30 sec [102] ; (Ci) Schematic illustration of –NH 2 groups of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins or antibodies attached to 1-Pyrenebutyric acid (PBA); (Cii) Current response of real samples detection of the N-proteins, S1-IgG, S1-IgM and CRP [103] ; (Di) FET SARS-CoV-2 biosensor; (Dii) For laboratory sample the lower limit of detection of SARS protein, was recorded at 1 fg/mL and 100 fg/mL [104] . Reproduced with permission.…”
Section: Carbon and Graphene-based Sars-cov-2 Electrochemical Biosensorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The titania nanotubes functionalization with Co ( Fig. 7 Bi), adopted by Vadlamani et al [102] , was the key element for ensuring: i) stability and selectivity of the novel SARS-CoV-2 biosensor and ii) successful immobilization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein molecules. As the authors observed [102] , the functionalization of the catalyst improved three main characteristics of the sensor: i) its selectivity towards the S-Receptor Binding Domain (SRBD) protein, ii) its sensitivity, showing a linear response in the concentration range between 14 nM to 1400 nM and iii) its response time (30 sec) ( Fig.…”
Section: Carbon and Graphene-based Sars-cov-2 Electrochemical Biosensorsmentioning
“…However, this biosensors typology shows a limited shelf life, and a sensitivity affected by sample matrix and temperature, inducing the antibodies deterioration, thus corrupting the sensor operation. The plasmonic biosensors are very sensitive to small sample changes and repeatable, as well as do not require a calibration model given to the conventional electrical model (Villena Gonzales et al, 2019). However, they are susceptible to motion, temperature, and sweat, and need a long calibration process.…”
Section: Performance and Comparative Analysis Of Discussed Systems Smentioning
The year 2020 will remain in the history for the diffusion of the COVID-19 virus, originating a pandemic on a world scale with over a million deaths. From the onset of the pandemic, the scientific community has made numerous efforts to design systems to detect the infected subjects in ever-faster times, allowing both to intervene on them, to avoid dangerous complications, and to contain the pandemic spreading. In this paper, we present an overview of different innovative technologies and devices fielded against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The various technologies applicable to the rapid and reliable detection of the COVID-19 virus have been explored. Specifically, several magnetic, electrochemical, and plasmonic biosensors have been proposed in the scientific literature, as an alternative to nucleic acid-based real-time reverse transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (RT-qPCR) assays, overcoming the limitations featuring this typology of tests (the need for expensive instruments and reagents, as well as of specialized staff, and their reliability). Furthermore, we investigated the IoT solutions and devices, reported on the market and in the scientific literature, to contain the pandemic spreading, by avoiding the contagion, acquiring the parameters of suspected users, and monitoring them during the quarantine period.
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