Functionality of HDL: Antioxidation and Detoxifying Effects

Variability in HbA1c, blood pressure, lipid parameters and serum uric acid, and risk of development of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes

“…A huge body of experimental studies, both in vitro and in vivo , suggests that glucose variability generates a large amount of oxidative stress, which is commonly considered the key pathogenic factor for diabetic complications, including DKD . An association between blood pressure variability and oxidative stress generation has also been reported in both diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects, while the protective antioxidant action of HDL is well recognized . Finally, UA recently emerged as an inflammatory factor that increases oxidative stress and promotes activation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system .…”

“…33,34 An association between blood pressure variability and oxidative stress generation has also been reported in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, 35,36 while the protective antioxidant action of HDL is well recognized. 37 Finally, UA recently emerged as an inflammatory factor that increases oxidative stress and promotes activation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. 38 Therefore, in light of the above evidence, it should be argued that, when these factors vary over time, they could favour an increase in oxidative stress, either increasing the generation of free radicals (glucose, blood pressure and UA) or decreasing the defense against them (HDL).…”

Consumption of polyunsaturated fat improves the saturated fatty acid‐mediated impairment of HDL antioxidant potential

“…Hence, the PUFA enrichment in HDL after consuming an HFHC‐PUFA diet might not have been enough to accelerate the LDL oxidation kinetics, but rather, may have contributed to a delay in the onset of oxidation. The transfer of oxidized lipids from LDL to HDL, with subsequent inactivation by HDL antioxidative components, is a key pathway for removing oxidized lipids, and the efficacy of transferring oxidized lipids depends on the fluidity of HDL surface lipids . HDL apolipoprotein composition might alter HDL PON1 and PAF‐AH content, thereby affecting the HDL antioxidant function .…”

Paraoxonase 1 and atherosclerosis‐related diseases

“…As previously mentioned, chronic inflammatory conditions may induce major changes in HDL structure and function, compromising HDL's atheroprotective role, and are characterized as high risk for CVD development . The increased risk of atherosclerosis in such conditions can be, at least in part, attributed to changes in PON1 and loss of its antioxidant properties . Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sarcoidosis, and asthma exhibit notable systemic inflammation.…”