“…Based on this signal conversion, the common sensing mechanisms, including piezoresistivity, piezoelectricity, chemiresistors, capacitance, electrochemical reaction, SERE, and their combinations (Figure 7), are also suitable for understanding the interfacial and intrinsic behaviors of laser micro/nanostructuring sensors upon adsorbing or capturing different analytes. [20,22,[141][142][143][144] When these laser-processing micro/nanostructures are exposed to external stimulus, the adsorption of analytes or the exertion of actions will trigger the changes of capacitance, resistance, current, and Raman signal of these micro/nanostructures due to the change of surface carriers, chemical bonds, and local structures. Importantly, the presence of micro/nanostructures increases the reaction active sites and improves reaction rate, thereby amplifying the signals and finally enhancing the sensitivity.…”