Functionalising lignin in crude glycerol to prepare polyols and polyurethane

Nowadays, the use of non-edible vegetable oils as the raw material for polymer development is growing in interest because of the scarcity and high demand for crude oil and also because of its eco-friendly approach. The utilization of non-edible oil to synthesize the applicable polymers reduces the usage of petrochemicals. To eliminate the reliance on petrochemicals, it is important to search for and extract alternate and domestic non-edible oils suitable for the synthesis of polymeric materials. This is now a promising research approach. The outstanding feature of indigenous, non-edible Madhuca indica oil (MO) is its chemical structure, with unsaturated sites and esters that are considerable ingredient polyols for the development of polymers. This review discusses the origin, structure and extraction of MO and systematically focuses on the recently developed polymers using oil as a renewable source of polyols. We have briefly reviewed MO-based polymeric materials such as alkyd resins like pentaalkyds for scratch resistance, glycerol alkyds for fly-ash coating, pentalkyd LC resins for display coating applications and epoxies of MO for biological coating materials. Also, the important polyurethanes in the pathways of MO-based fatty amide are transformed into the polyetherimide polyols through a step-growth reaction with bisphenol-A or bisphenol derivatives, which again react with isocyanates to produce MO-based PU for excellent adhesion and coating applications. Another type of waterborne polyurethane is made from polyesteramides. These PU coatings are used in the paint and pigment industries. We reviewed their synthesis and widespread use in coatings and composites.

Section: Madhuca Indica Oil-based Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments of Madhuca indica (Mahua) oil-based polymers: A mini review

Ganvit

Sharma

2022

“…[1][2][3] In this context, several approaches, as polymer blends, synthesis of new polymers through by-products valorization, and new processing technologies 4,5 are developed to alleviate this issue. [6][7][8] Among these, biodegradable biopolymers play a key role in replacing the conventional polymers. In this regard, polyhydroxyalcanoates (PHAs), which are aliphatic polyesters obtained by microbial fermentation, have received a great deal of attention from both academia and industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Agave Americana fibers content on morphology and mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) biocomposites

Idres

Kaci

Dehouche

et al. 2022

Green biocomposites based on poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) reinforced with Agave Americana fibers (AAF) were elaborated by melt compounding at various fiber content ratios, that is, 10, 20, and 30 wt.%. Morphology before and after tensile testing, rheological, viscoelastic, mechanical, and thermal properties of the biocomposite samples were investigated with respect to the AAF content. Tensile and DMA data showed a significant increase in both Young’s modulus and storage modulus of PHBHHx biocomposites with the AAF content, however, more relevant at 30 wt.%. However, a slight decrease in tensile strength and strain at break was observed, while thermal stability remained almost unchanged whatever the AAF content. The study highlighted the reinforcement effect of AAF in PHBHHx biocomposite materials, in particular at filler content of 30 wt. %.

“…polysaccharides) have widely utilized in many reported studies. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]15 Rice husk and its derivative, rice husk ash, are the important bio-originated materials due to their economic/bio aspects such as cheap price of rice husk, simple/inexpensive fabrication procedure of RiHA, and environment-friendly features of these materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice husk ash: Economical and high-quality natural-based reinforcing filler for linear low-density and high-density polyethylene

Nazarpour-Fard

2022

Rice husk ash (RiHA) was employed as the bio-originated and inexpensive filler prepared from agricultural wastes for reinforcing high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy showed ∼80.82% for the silica content of RiHA as well as the values of other components present in this bio-based filler. The composites were obtained via melt mixing followed by the compression molding by the hot press forming. Characterization of the composites by FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that the filler has the sheer effects on the vibrational bands of the polymers. The usage of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to investigate the d-spacing values and the crystallinity of the samples, exhibited the increase of d-spacing upon reinforcing the polymers with RiHA. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed an average size of 32 µm for the irregular RiHA particles which uniformly dispersed in the polymeric matrices. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis displayed C, O, and Si as the main constituting elements of the composites and alternatively confirmed the well dispersion of the filler particles into the polymer matrices. The mechanical measurements showed the significant improvements in Young’s modulus, yield stress, and hardness results of the polymers after reinforcing with the rice husk ash. For example, Young’s modulus of HDPE was increased ∼15% after incorporating 7 wt.% of RiHA into this polymer. These mechanical properties of the polymers were increased upon increasing the RiHA content, while the parameter of elongation at break was decreased.